Connect with us

What Are Corporate Bonds and How Do They Work?

What Is a Corporate Bond? In a nutshell, a corporate bond is like a loan from an investor to a company, which the company repays with interest by the bond’s maturity date. Businesses consider bonds to be an attractive way to raise funds for their operatio

Published

on

Corporate bonds are great investments for those seeking higher yields and can withstand increased risks

Kameleon007 for iStockphoto; Canva

What Is a Corporate Bond? 

In a nutshell, a corporate bond is like a loan from an investor to a company, which the company repays with interest by the bond’s maturity date.

Businesses consider bonds to be an attractive way to raise funds for their operations or capital expenditures because the interest they must pay to investors is less than what they would owe to a bank through a loan. And unlike selling stock, a company is not giving away ownership rights when it issues bonds.

There are many types of corporate bonds, although most are issued with maturities between 1 and 30 years. Bondholders usually receive regular payments of interest, known as the coupon, which is determined upon the bond’s issuance. Corporate bonds are subject to taxes at the state and federal levels in addition to capital gains taxes.

How Are Corporate Bonds Different from Treasury Bonds?

Corporate bonds are issued by corporations, while Treasury bonds are issued by the federal government. Treasury bonds are considered to be the highest-quality securities available because they are backed by the “full faith and credit” of the U.S. government and, thus, are virtually default-proof. They are also exempt from taxes at both the state and federal levels.

In addition, Treasury bonds are considered benchmarks for other types of bonds; for example, the 10-Year Treasury is used as a benchmark for performance of all 10-year bonds. 

How Are Corporate Bonds Different from Municipal Bonds?

State and local governments issue municipal bonds to fund public projects, while corporations issue bonds to raise money. Municipal bonds often have tax exemptions, while corporate bonds do not.

How Are Corporate Bonds Classified?

Corporate bonds are classified by maturity. They are usually grouped into three categories:

  1. Short-term, which have maturities of less than three years;
  2. Medium-term, which are maturities between four and 10 years; and
  3. Long-term, which mature in more than 10 years. Longer-term bonds usually have higher coupons than short-term bonds, but they also come with increased risks.

How Are Corporate Bonds Rated?

Ratings agencies, such as Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s, and Fitch Ratings assess bonds based on their creditworthiness, which means their ability to make payments in a timely manner. They assign bond ratings to corporate bonds, which range from AAA (the highest) to D (the lowest).

Bonds that are rated B and above are considered investment-grade. Bonds that are rated below BB are known as junk bonds. This chart illustrates different bond ratings.

To compensate investors for the increased risk, non-investment-grade bonds usually offer higher coupons than investment-grade bonds. These bonds are also known as high-yield bonds. Just remember, the higher the yield, the higher the risk of default, and in the event that a company declares bankruptcy, its investors may not get all of their money back. 

Are Corporate Bonds Guaranteed?

Corporate bonds are considered to have greater risk than government bonds because corporate bonds are guaranteed only by the companies who issue them. That means that if a company declares bankruptcy and defaults on its bonds, bondholders will have some claim on the company’s assets.

The order in which investors receive these assets are structured in the following ways:

  • If an investor purchased a secured bond, the company had used its assets, such as property and equipment, as collateral. These bondholders are legally entitled to these assets.
  • Unsecured bonds, on the other hand, do not have collateral attached to them, although investors in this type of bond are entitled to the company’s general cash flows. Unsecured bonds are also known as debentures and ranked in priority from senior to junior, and investors receive collateral in that order.

Which Corporate Bonds Are AAA Rated?

At present, there are only two companies in the United States have AAA rated bonds: Johnson & Johnson and Microsoft. Investors can check SEC filings to stay up-to-date on the latest ratings.

Types of Corporate Bonds

There are several kinds of corporate bonds, giving investors many options when it comes to a bond’s structure, yield, and credit quality. Here are the most common:

  • Fixed-rate coupon bonds pay coupons on a fixed, or regular basis, usually twice a year. The payment amount is a percentage of the bond’s par value.
  • Zero-coupon bonds do not offer coupons. These bonds are issued at a discounted price compared to its face value, so the bondholder receives a profit upon maturity.
  • Asset-backed bonds, such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), allow investors to claim a company’s underlying assets in case it defaults.
  • Convertible bonds can actually be exchanged for shares of company stock, although that also makes them vulnerable to market volatility.
  • Callable and puttable bonds can be “called” by the issuer before their maturity, and either redeemed at par value or a percentage thereof. With puttable bonds, the investor can “put” the bonds back into the hands of the issuer and receive par value.

Risks Associated with Corporate Bonds

Compared with other financial securities, many types of bonds may be considered to be a relatively stable investment, but that doesn’t mean they’re not subject to risk, such as:

  1. Interest rate risk: Bonds have an inverse relationship with interest rates. When rates rise, bond prices fall, which is why longer-term bonds carry higher coupons as compensation
  2. Inflation risk: As prices rise, purchasing power declines, which means the value of a bond could deteriorate over time.
  3. Default risk: as stated above, in the event a company declares bankruptcy, bondholders may or may not be compensated depending on their priority and whether their bonds are secured.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Still wondering about corporate bonds? We’ve compiled answers to some of the most common questions investors have about corporate bonds.

How Are Corporate Bonds Traded?

Corporate bonds are traded over the counter, generally with face values of $1,000 or $5,000. Check with your bank or brokerage to see what trading options you have available.

In addition, FINRA, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, has introduced TRACE, which provides real-time pricing for bonds and other securities, available at their website.

Can a Corporate Bond Be Sold Before Its Maturity Date?

Yes. Investors can sell corporate bonds before their maturity, but in the event of long-term bonds, investors lose interest if they sell before five years. Also changing interest rate environments may render a bond less favorable than it was when it was first purchased. Bond resellers also need to pay a brokerage fee, and the proceeds of any sales may be subject to state and local taxes.

When Do Corporate Bonds Pay Interest?

Coupons vary, but generally speaking, corporate bonds pay interest in two installments a year, or semi-annually.

Does the Fed Buy Corporate Bonds?

Believe it or not, the Federal Reserve has been one of the biggest buyers of corporate bonds. As part of its emergency stimulus measures after the COVID-19 pandemic stalled global financial markets, in March 2020, the Fed announced it would buy corporate bonds using its emergency powers. As of July 2021, they owned nearly $13 billion, packaged as ETFs. However, as part of the end of its pandemic stimulus measures, the Fed pledged that it will sell these holdings between June and December of 2021. 

Read More

Continue Reading

Uncategorized

Wendy’s teases new $3 offer for upcoming holiday

The Daylight Savings Time promotion slashes prices on breakfast.

Published

on

Daylight Savings Time, or the practice of advancing clocks an hour in the spring to maximize natural daylight, is a controversial practice because of the way it leaves many feeling off-sync and tired on the second Sunday in March when the change is made and one has one less hour to sleep in.

Despite annual "Abolish Daylight Savings Time" think pieces and online arguments that crop up with unwavering regularity, Daylight Savings in North America begins on March 10 this year.

Related: Coca-Cola has a new soda for Diet Coke fans

Tapping into some people's very vocal dislike of Daylight Savings Time, fast-food chain Wendy's  (WEN)  is launching a daylight savings promotion that is jokingly designed to make losing an hour of sleep less painful and encourage fans to order breakfast anyway.

Wendy's has recently made a big push to expand its breakfast menu.

Image source: Wendy's.

Promotion wants you to compensate for lost sleep with cheaper breakfast

As it is also meant to drive traffic to the Wendy's app, the promotion allows anyone who makes a purchase of $3 or more through the platform to get a free hot coffee, cold coffee or Frosty Cream Cold Brew.

More Food + Dining:

Available during the Wendy's breakfast hours of 6 a.m. and 10:30 a.m. (which, naturally, will feel even earlier due to Daylight Savings), the deal also allows customers to buy any of its breakfast sandwiches for $3. Items like the Sausage, Egg and Cheese Biscuit, Breakfast Baconator and Maple Bacon Chicken Croissant normally range in price between $4.50 and $7.

The choice of the latter is quite wide since, in the years following the pandemic, Wendy's has made a concerted effort to expand its breakfast menu with a range of new sandwiches with egg in them and sweet items such as the French Toast Sticks. The goal was both to stand out from competitors with a wider breakfast menu and increase traffic to its stores during early-morning hours.

Wendy's deal comes after controversy over 'dynamic pricing'

But last month, the chain known for the square shape of its burger patties ignited controversy after saying that it wanted to introduce "dynamic pricing" in which the cost of many of the items on its menu will vary depending on the time of day. In an earnings call, chief executive Kirk Tanner said that electronic billboards would allow restaurants to display various deals and promotions during slower times in the early morning and late at night.

Outcry was swift and Wendy's ended up walking back its plans with words that they were "misconstrued" as an intent to surge prices during its most popular periods.

While the company issued a statement saying that any changes were meant as "discounts and value offers" during quiet periods rather than raised prices during busy ones, the reputational damage was already done since many saw the clarification as another way to obfuscate its pricing model.

"We said these menuboards would give us more flexibility to change the display of featured items," Wendy's said in its statement. "This was misconstrued in some media reports as an intent to raise prices when demand is highest at our restaurants."

The Daylight Savings Time promotion, in turn, is also a way to demonstrate the kinds of deals Wendy's wants to promote in its stores without putting up full-sized advertising or posters for what is only relevant for a few days.

Related: Veteran fund manager picks favorite stocks for 2024

Read More

Continue Reading

Uncategorized

Inside The Most Ridiculous Jobs Report In Recent History: Record 1.2 Million Immigrant Jobs Added In One Month

Inside The Most Ridiculous Jobs Report In Recent History: Record 1.2 Million Immigrant Jobs Added In One Month

Last month we though that the…

Published

on

Inside The Most Ridiculous Jobs Report In Recent History: Record 1.2 Million Immigrant Jobs Added In One Month

Last month we though that the January jobs report was the "most ridiculous in recent history" but, boy, were we wrong because this morning the Biden department of goalseeked propaganda (aka BLS) published the February jobs report, and holy crap was that something else. Even Goebbels would blush. 

What happened? Let's take a closer look.

On the surface, it was (almost) another blockbuster jobs report, certainly one which nobody expected, or rather just one bank out of 76 expected. Starting at the top, the BLS reported that in February the US unexpectedly added 275K jobs, with just one research analyst (from Dai-Ichi Research) expecting a higher number.

Some context: after last month's record 4-sigma beat, today's print was "only" 3 sigma higher than estimates. Needless to say, two multiple sigma beats in a row used to only happen in the USSR... and now in the US, apparently.

Before we go any further, a quick note on what last month we said was "the most ridiculous jobs report in recent history": it appears the BLS read our comments and decided to stop beclowing itself. It did that by slashing last month's ridiculous print by over a third, and revising what was originally reported as a massive 353K beat to just 229K,  a 124K revision, which was the biggest one-month negative revision in two years!

Of course, that does not mean that this month's jobs print won't be revised lower: it will be, and not just that month but every other month until the November election because that's the only tool left in the Biden admin's box: pretend the economic and jobs are strong, then revise them sharply lower the next month, something we pointed out first last summer and which has not failed to disappoint once.

To be fair, not every aspect of the jobs report was stellar (after all, the BLS had to give it some vague credibility). Take the unemployment rate, after flatlining between 3.4% and 3.8% for two years - and thus denying expectations from Sahm's Rule that a recession may have already started - in February the unemployment rate unexpectedly jumped to 3.9%, the highest since February 2022 (with Black unemployment spiking by 0.3% to 5.6%, an indicator which the Biden admin will quickly slam as widespread economic racism or something).

And then there were average hourly earnings, which after surging 0.6% MoM in January (since revised to 0.5%) and spooking markets that wage growth is so hot, the Fed will have no choice but to delay cuts, in February the number tumbled to just 0.1%, the lowest in two years...

... for one simple reason: last month's average wage surge had nothing to do with actual wages, and everything to do with the BLS estimate of hours worked (which is the denominator in the average wage calculation) which last month tumbled to just 34.1 (we were led to believe) the lowest since the covid pandemic...

... but has since been revised higher while the February print rose even more, to 34.3, hence why the latest average wage data was once again a product not of wages going up, but of how long Americans worked in any weekly period, in this case higher from 34.1 to 34.3, an increase which has a major impact on the average calculation.

While the above data points were examples of some latent weakness in the latest report, perhaps meant to give it a sheen of veracity, it was everything else in the report that was a problem starting with the BLS's latest choice of seasonal adjustments (after last month's wholesale revision), which have gone from merely laughable to full clownshow, as the following comparison between the monthly change in BLS and ADP payrolls shows. The trend is clear: the Biden admin numbers are now clearly rising even as the impartial ADP (which directly logs employment numbers at the company level and is far more accurate), shows an accelerating slowdown.

But it's more than just the Biden admin hanging its "success" on seasonal adjustments: when one digs deeper inside the jobs report, all sorts of ugly things emerge... such as the growing unprecedented divergence between the Establishment (payrolls) survey and much more accurate Household (actual employment) survey. To wit, while in January the BLS claims 275K payrolls were added, the Household survey found that the number of actually employed workers dropped for the third straight month (and 4 in the past 5), this time by 184K (from 161.152K to 160.968K).

This means that while the Payrolls series hits new all time highs every month since December 2020 (when according to the BLS the US had its last month of payrolls losses), the level of Employment has not budged in the past year. Worse, as shown in the chart below, such a gaping divergence has opened between the two series in the past 4 years, that the number of Employed workers would need to soar by 9 million (!) to catch up to what Payrolls claims is the employment situation.

There's more: shifting from a quantitative to a qualitative assessment, reveals just how ugly the composition of "new jobs" has been. Consider this: the BLS reports that in February 2024, the US had 132.9 million full-time jobs and 27.9 million part-time jobs. Well, that's great... until you look back one year and find that in February 2023 the US had 133.2 million full-time jobs, or more than it does one year later! And yes, all the job growth since then has been in part-time jobs, which have increased by 921K since February 2023 (from 27.020 million to 27.941 million).

Here is a summary of the labor composition in the past year: all the new jobs have been part-time jobs!

But wait there's even more, because now that the primary season is over and we enter the heart of election season and political talking points will be thrown around left and right, especially in the context of the immigration crisis created intentionally by the Biden administration which is hoping to import millions of new Democratic voters (maybe the US can hold the presidential election in Honduras or Guatemala, after all it is their citizens that will be illegally casting the key votes in November), what we find is that in February, the number of native-born workers tumbled again, sliding by a massive 560K to just 129.807 million. Add to this the December data, and we get a near-record 2.4 million plunge in native-born workers in just the past 3 months (only the covid crash was worse)!

The offset? A record 1.2 million foreign-born (read immigrants, both legal and illegal but mostly illegal) workers added in February!

Said otherwise, not only has all job creation in the past 6 years has been exclusively for foreign-born workers...

Source: St Louis Fed FRED Native Born and Foreign Born

... but there has been zero job-creation for native born workers since June 2018!

This is a huge issue - especially at a time of an illegal alien flood at the southwest border...

... and is about to become a huge political scandal, because once the inevitable recession finally hits, there will be millions of furious unemployed Americans demanding a more accurate explanation for what happened - i.e., the illegal immigration floodgates that were opened by the Biden admin.

Which is also why Biden's handlers will do everything in their power to insure there is no official recession before November... and why after the election is over, all economic hell will finally break loose. Until then, however, expect the jobs numbers to get even more ridiculous.

Tyler Durden Fri, 03/08/2024 - 13:30

Read More

Continue Reading

Uncategorized

Shipping company files surprise Chapter 7 bankruptcy, liquidation

While demand for trucking has increased, so have costs and competition, which have forced a number of players to close.

Published

on

The U.S. economy is built on trucks.

As a nation we have relatively limited train assets, and while in recent years planes have played an expanded role in moving goods, trucks still represent the backbone of how everything — food, gasoline, commodities, and pretty much anything else — moves around the country.

Related: Fast-food chain closes more stores after Chapter 11 bankruptcy

"Trucks moved 61.1% of the tonnage and 64.9% of the value of these shipments. The average shipment by truck was 63 miles compared to an average of 640 miles by rail," according to the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics 2023 numbers.

But running a trucking company has been tricky because the largest players have economies of scale that smaller operators don't. That puts any trucking company that's not a massive player very sensitive to increases in gas prices or drops in freight rates.

And that in turn has led a number of trucking companies, including Yellow Freight, the third-largest less-than-truckload operator; J.J. & Sons Logistics, Meadow Lark, and Boateng Logistics, to close while freight brokerage Convoy shut down in October.

Aside from Convoy, none of these brands are household names. but with the demand for trucking increasing, every company that goes out of business puts more pressure on those that remain, which contributes to increased prices.

Demand for trucking has continued to increase.

Image source: Shutterstock

Another freight company closes and plans to liquidate

Not every bankruptcy filing explains why a company has gone out of business. In the trucking industry, multiple recent Chapter 7 bankruptcies have been tied to lawsuits that pushed otherwise successful companies into insolvency.

In the case of TBL Logistics, a Virginia-based national freight company, its Feb. 29 bankruptcy filing in U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Virginia appears to be death by too much debt.

"In its filing, TBL Logistics listed its assets and liabilities as between $1 million and $10 million. The company stated that it has up to 49 creditors and maintains that no funds will be available for unsecured creditors once it pays administrative fees," Freightwaves reported.

The company's owners, Christopher and Melinda Bradner, did not respond to the website's request for comment.

Before it closed, TBL Logistics specialized in refrigerated and oversized loads. The company described its business on its website.

"TBL Logistics is a non-asset-based third-party logistics freight broker company providing reliable and efficient transportation solutions, management, and storage for businesses of all sizes. With our extensive network of carriers and industry expertise, we streamline the shipping process, ensuring your goods reach their destination safely and on time."

The world has a truck-driver shortage

The covid pandemic forced companies to consider their supply chain in ways they never had to before. Increased demand showed the weakness in the trucking industry and drew attention to how difficult life for truck drivers can be.

That was an issue HBO's John Oliver highlighted on his "Last Week Tonight" show in October 2022. In the episode, the host suggested that the U.S. would basically start to starve if the trucking industry shut down for three days.

"Sorry, three days, every produce department in America would go from a fully stocked market to an all-you-can-eat raccoon buffet," he said. "So it’s no wonder trucking’s a huge industry, with more than 3.5 million people in America working as drivers, from port truckers who bring goods off ships to railyards and warehouses, to long-haul truckers who move them across the country, to 'last-mile' drivers, who take care of local delivery." 

The show highlighted how many truck drivers face low pay, difficult working conditions and, in many cases, crushing debt.

"Hundreds of thousands of people become truck drivers every year. But hundreds of thousands also quit. Job turnover for truckers averages over 100%, and at some companies it’s as high as 300%, meaning they’re hiring three people for a single job over the course of a year. And when a field this important has a level of job satisfaction that low, it sure seems like there’s a huge problem," Oliver shared.

The truck-driver shortage is not just a U.S. problem; it's a global issue, according to IRU.org.

"IRU’s 2023 driver shortage report has found that over three million truck driver jobs are unfilled, or 7% of total positions, in 36 countries studied," the global transportation trade association reported. 

"With the huge gap between young and old drivers growing, it will get much worse over the next five years without significant action."

Related: Veteran fund manager picks favorite stocks for 2024

Read More

Continue Reading

Trending