SPOKANE, Wash. — Jack Githens didn’t plan to stay here after college.
A senior at Gonzaga University in Spokane, Githens grew up in Issaquah, Wash., in a part of the region that people in Seattle call the Eastside. He has spent his college years in a part of the state that people in Spokane call the other Eastside or, if they’re feeling cheeky, the real Eastside.
Jack Githens, Gonzaga University student. (Photo Courtesy Jack Githens)
Githens, 22, a business administration major with a concentration in finance, never imagined starting his career in Spokane. But that changed after he connected with the startup scene, led by determined business and community leaders bent on bootstrapping this longtime timber and mining town into a thriving tech hub.
“There’s so much benefit here, being in a small community that has so much startup potential, and so much growth ahead of it,” he said. “That’s what I see here.”
For now, however, he’s an exception among his collegiate peers.
This region is home to respected universities that collectively educate tens of thousands of people, including Gonzaga, Whitworth University, Eastern Washington University, and branches of the University of Washington and Washington State University. But many of those students go elsewhere after graduation.
Business and government leaders have long aspired to make Spokane the type of place that entices new grads to stay.
Spokane Mayor Lisa Brown. (Washington State Department of Commerce Photo)
“Well, that has been the dream,” said Spokane Mayor Lisa Brown, a longtime university professor and former director of the Washington State Department of Commerce, when a GeekWire reporter told her about Githens. “And so you’re making me very happy, to tell me that you just talked to someone who’s doing it.”
Making this less of a novelty will be one of the keys to helping the region’s tech and startup economy realize its potential in the years ahead.
We’ve heard this from many of the more than two dozen business, government, and community leaders we’ve interviewed so far for this “GeekWire on the Road” series about Spokane. It’s a case study in one region’s efforts to expand its innovation economy, in the spirit of the “Rise of the Rest” movement to cultivate entrepreneurial hubs beyond the nation’s traditional tech centers.
Spokane’s tech community stands out for its determination and resourcefulness. But the region is also experiencing many of the same underlying forces as other aspiring tech hubs across the country, amid the new realities of post-pandemic work and life.
Here are some of the biggest issues to surface in our reporting so far, many of which we’ll explore in this series in the months ahead.
A tech community in transition
The new world of remote work means companies based in the region can recruit from a much larger pool of talent. Spokane also saw an influx of workers from Seattle and other major tech hubs during the pandemic. Numerous entrepreneurs have moved their startups to the region, as well.
We’ve connected with several Seattle transplants in Spokane as part of our reporting, plus other entrepreneurs from across the country, whose stories we’ll be telling as part of this series.
Spokane County grew by 7% from 2018 to 2023, to a population of 551,000 as of last year, according to U.S. Census Bureau data. It’s the fourth-largest county in Washington state, and the city of Spokane (population 230,000) is the second-largest in the state behind Seattle (population 750,000).
Venture capitalist Tom Simpson of Ignite Northwest and the Spokane Angel Alliance addresses the crowd at the Ignite 25+5 Awards in Spokane on Feb. 22, 2024. (GeekWire Photo / Todd Bishop)
The influx has contributed to a higher cost of living, which has started to erode the affordability advantage that Spokane’s leaders cite as one of the key benefits of living and working in the region. (Others include easy access to outdoor recreation, the tight-knit and supportive community, and minimal traffic.) The city is seeking to address the affordability issue in part by encouraging new forms of housing, where it’s emerging as a leader in the state.
The growing strength of Spokane’s startup scenewas on display during GeekWire’s recent visit to the city — talking with local investors, meeting with startup entrepreneurs, touring established companies, and attending the Ignite 25+5 Awards, with 250 people packing the Barrister Winery downtown.
The annual 25+5 list, created by Spokane venture capitalist and tech community leader Tom Simpson five years ago to elevate the visibility of the area’s startups, recognizes the region’s 25 fastest-growing tech companies, plus five others to watch. The award winners offered a sense for the breadth of startups in the region.
CDL PowerSuite, trucking technology, best business-to-business company.
Vaagen Timbers, prefabricated wood, most socially responsible.
Litehouse Health, on-demand nursing marketplace, most lofty ambitions.
Notable enterprise companies on the larger 25+5 list included Treasury4, which raised $20 million last year for financial and treasury data analytics, and Vega Cloud, which offers technology to optimize spending across multiple cloud platforms.
The inclusion of Kochava, a mobile marketing measurement and attribution company headquartered in Sandpoint, Idaho, underscores efforts by Spokane’s leaders to connect and leverage the strength of the broader region.
The growth of the tech industry can be seen in a 13% increase in information technology jobs in Spokane County between 2018 and 2013 — nearly twice the rate of overall employment growth during the same timeframe, according to data from the Spokane Workforce Council.
Even with that growth, IT jobs remain a small part of the overall workforce, less than 3% of employment. This is one of the challenges and opportunities identified by business and technology leaders in the region — getting the local tech economy to critical mass so that workers have multiple fallbacks if they lose or leave their jobs.
Spokane tech’s past and future
A flagpole in the former Itron campus in Spokane Valley. (GeekWire Photo / Todd Bishop)
About 12 miles east of downtown, at a large industrial and office complex in Spokane Valley, we discovered a trail through the past successes, ongoing challenges, and potential future of the region’s tech industry.
Outside the building was a flagpole dedicated in 1995 by employees of the Itron utility technology company, a spinoff from Avista Corp., the Spokane-based utility. Itron is now based in nearby Liberty Lake, publicly traded with more than 5,000 employees globally and $2.2 billion in revenue last year.
Inside the building, we walked through the former headquarters of Stay Alfred, a short-term lodging startup that went out of business during the pandemic, just a year after the company made a splash at the GeekWire Awards as a finalist in the category of Next Tech Titan.
Finally, we went through glass doors bearing the logo of the Kaspien online retail venture, formerly Etailz, which announced plans to wind down its business in December — the latest in a pattern of acquisitions and closures that has repeatedly taken the wind out of the Spokane tech community’s sails.
In the far corner of that cavernous space, serial entrepreneur Jordan Allen was unpacking his new startup’s potential, one item at a time, from boxes of returned products stacked higher than his head. The fledgling company, BuyWander, is building an online auction site for the resale of returned goods.
“This is such a big problem,” he said, describing the environmental and economic impact of product returns. “Almost a trillion dollars a year in returns. We’re talking to the largest national retailers. We just want the problem to go away.”
Allen has been here before, literally and figuratively. This is the fourth startup he has built in the Spokane area, with two prior exits and one “cataclysmic” event as the CEO of Stay Alfred, which he describes as the first love of his entrepreneurial life before it was done in by the implosion of travel at the onset of the pandemic.
Jordan Allen inside the warehouse for BuyWander, his latest startup. (GeekWire Photo / Todd Bishop)
He grew up in the Spokane area, but he and his wife were initially living in Seattle when Stay Alfred started, before deciding to move to Spokane due to the lifestyle; the proximity to mountains, lakes, and outdoor recreation; the family friendly community; and the relative affordability for growing a business and raising a family.
Allen cited challenges for Spokane startups including access to capital beyond early funding rounds, often requiring them to look to Seattle or Silicon Valley investors for follow-on rounds. Even with the rise of video conferencing, getting the attention and interest of those investors can be tougher for startups not based in major tech hubs.
“You definitely have to work a lot harder,” Allen said.
Key issues for Spokane tech
Spokane entrepreneurs cite this issue of access to capital as both a strength and a weakness for the region, depending on the stage of the funding cycle.
Groups and firms such as the Spokane Angel Alliance, led by Simpson, and the Cowles Co.’s investment fund, Cowles Ventures, led by Skye Henderson, have made Spokane stronger than many similarly sized cities for early stage capital.
Spokane Angel Alliance members invested $5.45 million in 2023 in companies presenting to the group, directly or through the Kick-Start Seed Fund managed by Simpson. That was an increase of $1 million from the prior year.
Overall, companies in the Spokane metro area raised $77 million in venture capital in 2023, compared with $27 million in 2022 and $50 million in 2021, according to PitchBook data.
The 2023 jump came in part from the $20 million raised by Treasury4, and $24 million raised by pharmaceutical manufacturing company Selkirk Pharma.
Life sciences: Selkirk Pharma and Jubilant HollisterStier, a contract pharmaceutical industry manufacturer, are often cited as examples of the Spokane region’s potential to capitalize on its potential in health and life sciences.
Groundswell of support: The Spokane region has experienced a surge in startup groups, economic development initiatives, and organizations to support entrepreneurial activity and new tech startups in recent years.
SP3NW, a WSU business incubator led by April Needham, director, and Michaele Armstrong, associate director. Working with multiple universities, it offers co-working space, wet labs, advisors, and coaching, among other resources.
StartUp Spokane, now overseen by Mark Pond, business research librarian at the Spokane Public Library, as a resource and shared workspace at the library for entrepreneurs, including tech startups.
Ignite Northwest, led by Simpson, which focuses on funding, mentoring and accelerating startups in the region, and hosting community events and regular meetups.
Brynn Snyder, the CEO and co-founder of Slate Flosser, the Spokane-based electric flossing device maker, recalled an incident last year in which the company’s Facebook advertising account was hacked. Through the Spokane community, she was able to connect with a person inside Facebook who helped to resolve the problem.
“It’s so great how the community wraps around you,” she said.
Snyder said she has benefitted from an emerging support network for women in the C-suite in the Spokane area, led by Jennifer West, a communications executive, Betsy Cowles, the Cowles Co. CEO, and Linda Underwood, Banner Bank senior vice president.
In addition, she’s able to connect when needed with other women in leadership positions in the region, including Darby McLean, CEO of Spokane-based seasonings company Spiceology Inc., and Joy Tang, CEO and founder at Markable AI.
Stronger connections: Back in downtown Spokane, we found entrepreneurs and remote workers heads-down at the desks and inside the picturesque conference rooms of Fellow Coworking. The space has been deemed one of the most Instagram-worthy spots in the city, and could easily be mistaken for a trendy office in Seattle’s Pioneer Square.
Inside the Fellow Coworking space in Spokane. (GeekWire Photo / Todd Bishop)
While coworking spaces such as this provide an important service, one consistent refrain from younger entrepreneurs in Spokane, in particular, is the desire for a centralized, dedicated space for startup leaders, specifically, to work in closer proximity on a regular basis, learning from and helping each another as they build their companies.
Matt Iverson, AppRabbit co-founder. (GeekWire Photo / Todd Bishop)
“If there was a spot that I knew there were tech founders just working, I would love to just be there and bounce things off each other — that’d be useful,” said Matt Iverson, 29, co-founder of the AppRabbit no-code platform for building custom apps, which raised $500,000 last year from Cowles Ventures and the KickStart fund.
We’ve heard rumblings about a larger plan along these lines, for a shared space geared specifically to startup leaders, and we’ll see if we can break some news along the way as this series unfolds.
Githens, the Gonzaga senior from Issaquah who plans to stay in Spokane after graduation, connected with the tech community almost by happenstance. He interned at Slate Flosser after Snyder spoke at one of his classes, and learned about an Ignite event based on one of her LinkedIn posts. After that, he was plugged in.
“If the goal is to get more college students interested in staying in Spokane, [one way] would just be trying to expose them even more proactively to what’s going on,” he said.
Githens has launched his own startup, Table Topperz, which offers customizable vinyl wraps for tables and boards used for cornhole, beer pong, and other games, ending the need to hand-paint them. He plans to continue building the startup, and has been talking with Spokane-area companies about jobs after graduation, as well.
Other students from Gonzaga’s Hogan Entrepreneurial Leadership Program also recommended more purposeful connections between the Spokane startup scene and students. That was one takeaway from a report prepared for LaunchPad Inland Northwest by the university’s New Venture Lab, produced by a research team led by business student Colin Moore.
“Throughout the course of the semester, while working on our research, we were brainstorming ideas on how to get people like us to stay in Spokane,” the students wrote in their report. “We realized that there are hundreds of companies in the area that have opportunities for employment, however, due to the small size of most of them they require experience prior to employment. We believe that finding a way to implement a sort of training or way to get experience prior to this employment would allow for lots of students to get involved.”
Looking for a lightning strike
Tom Simpson at the Ignite Loft in downtown Spokane. (GeekWire Photo / Todd Bishop)
One of the key connectors in the Spokane tech community is Simpson, a University of Washington business graduate with an MBA from the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School.
“I tie it back to Hunter,” Simpson said of his work in startups, investing, and the Spokane tech community. “I was the fourth son of a conservative Spokane attorney, I was a CPA, and somehow I got exposed to all this stuff.”
Simpson assembled the group of Spokane-area organizations providing underwriting support for this “GeekWire on the Road” series about Spokane, which GeekWire’s editorial team is producing independently.
In the broader community, Simpson said he hopes to see greater recognition of the potential for Spokane and the surrounding region to become a bigger tech hub, and the benefits that would bring.
“Without technology giants, Spokane and North Idaho find slower liftoff,” the Spokane Spokesman-Review reported in November 2020.
“Without technology giants, Spokane and North Idaho find slower liftoff,” the Spokane Spokesman-Review reported in November 2020.
“Without technology giants, Spokane and North Idaho find slower liftoff,” the Spokane Spokesman-Review reported in November 2020.
“I wish this community was more united, and had in its DNA the desire to be a tech hub,” he said. “That’s the biggest challenge: getting everybody on board, everybody rowing the same way, every economic development group saying, this is top on our list, we want to become an Austin, we want to become a Boulder.”
But perhaps more than anything, Spokane still needs a “lightning strike”— a company that does for the region what Microsoft did for Seattle, and what Micron and Hewlett-Packard did for Boise.
That’s what Simpson said to the Spokane Spokesman-Review back in November 2000, long before the term “unicorn” became a popular reference to tech startups that reach a billion-dollar valuation.
As the venture capitalist told the newspaper at the time, “That kind of company puts an area on the map. It attracts talent, spawns spin-offs and generates seed capital for investment in new start-ups.”
Nearly a quarter-century later, the Spokane region is still waiting for a jolt of that magnitude. In our recent interview, when asked to reflect on what has changed, Simpson cited numerous examples of the region’s momentum, including some “mini lightning strikes,” while acknowledging that Spokane’s bigger breakthrough has yet to come.
In the ongoing quest for a lightning strike, he said, it might not be possible to control the weather — but Spokane’s startup community is doing everything it can to “put the trees in the right spot.”
COVID-19 antibody discovery could explain long COVID
UVA Health researchers have discovered a potential explanation for some of the most perplexing mysteries of COVID-19 and long COVID. The surprising findings…
UVA Health researchers have discovered a potential explanation for some of the most perplexing mysteries of COVID-19 and long COVID. The surprising findings could lead to new treatments for the difficult acute effects of COVID-19, long COVID and possibly other viruses.
Credit: Dan Addison | UVA Communications
UVA Health researchers have discovered a potential explanation for some of the most perplexing mysteries of COVID-19 and long COVID. The surprising findings could lead to new treatments for the difficult acute effects of COVID-19, long COVID and possibly other viruses.
Researchers led by UVA’s Steven L. Zeichner, MD, PhD, found that COVID-19 may prompt some people’s bodies to make antibodies that act like enzymes that the body naturally uses to regulate important functions – blood pressure, for example. Related enzymes also regulate other important body functions, such as blood clotting and inflammation.
Doctors may be able to target these “abzymes” to stop their unwanted effects. If abzymes with rogue activities are also responsible for some of the features of long COVID, doctors could target the abzymes to treat the difficult and sometimes mysterious symptoms of COVID-19 and long COVID at the source, instead of merely treating the downstream symptoms.
“Some patients with COVID-19 have serious symptoms and we have trouble understanding their cause. We also have a poor understanding of the causes of long COVID,” said Zeichner, a pediatric infectious disease expert at UVA Children’s. “Antibodies that act like enzymes are called ‘abzymes.’ Abzymes are not exact copies of enzymes and so they work differently, sometimes in ways that the original enzyme does not. If COVID-19 patients are making abzymes, it is possible that these rogue abzymes could harm many different aspects of physiology. If this turns out to be true, then developing treatments to deplete or block the rogue abzymes could be the most effective way to treat the complications of COVID-19.”
Understanding COVID-19 Abzymes
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID, has protein on its surface called the Spike protein. When the virus begins to infect a cell, the Spike protein binds a protein called Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2, or ACE2, on the cell’s surface. ACE2’s normal function in the body is to help regulate blood pressure; it cuts a protein called angiotensin II to make a derivative protein called angiotensin 1-7. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, raising blood pressure, while angiotensin 1-7 relaxes blood vessels, lowering blood pressure.
Zeichner and his team thought that some patients might make antibodies against the Spike protein that looked enough like ACE2 so that the antibodies also had enzymatic activity like ACE2, and that is exactly what they found.
Recently, other groups have found that some patients with long COVID have problems with their coagulation systems and with another system called “complement.” Both the coagulation system and the complement system are controlled by enzymes in the body that cut other proteins to activate them. If patients with long COVID make abzymes that activate proteins that control processes such as coagulation and inflammation, that could explain the source of some of the long COVID symptoms and why long COVID symptoms persist even after the body has cleared the initial infection. It also may explain rare side effects of COVID-19 vaccination.
To determine if antibodies could be having unexpected effects in COVID patients, Zeichner and his collaborators examined plasma samples collected from 67 volunteers with moderate or severe COVID on or around day 7 of their hospitalization. The researchers compared what they found with plasma collected in 2018, prior to the beginning of the pandemic. The results showed that a small subset of the COVID patients had antibodies that acted like enzymes.
While our understanding of the potential role of abzymes in COVID-19 is still in its early stages, enzymatic antibodies have already been detected in certain cases of HIV, Zeichner notes. That means there is precedent for a virus to trigger abzyme formation. It also suggests that other viruses may cause similar effects.
Zeichner, who is developing a universal coronavirus vaccine, expects UVA’s new findings will renew interest in abzymes in medical research. He also hopes his discovery will lead to better treatments for patients with both acute COVID-19 and long COVID.
“We now need to study pure versions of antibodies with enzymatic activity to see how abzymes may work in more detail, and we need to study patients who have had COVID-19 who did and did not develop long COVID,” he said. “There is much more work to do, but I think we have made a good start in developing a new understanding of this challenging disease that has caused so much distress and death around the world. The first step to developing effective new therapies for a disease is developing a good understanding of the disease’s underlying causes, and we have taken that first step.”
Findings Published
The researchers have published their findings in the scientific journal mBio, a publication of the American Society for Microbiology. The research team consisted of Yufeng Song, Regan Myers, Frances Mehl, Lila Murphy, Bailey Brooks, and faculty members from the Department of Medicine, Jeffrey M. Wilson, Alexandra Kadl, Judith Woodfolk.
“It’s great to have such talented and dedicated colleagues here at UVA who are excited about working on new and unconventional research projects,” said Zeichner.
Zeichner is the McClemore Birdsong Professor in the University of Virginia School of Medicine’s Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology; the director of the Pendleton Pediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory; and part of UVA Children’s Child Health Research Center.
The abzyme research was supported by UVA, including the Manning Fund for COVID-19 Research at UVA; the Ivy Foundation; the Pendleton Laboratory Fund for Pediatric Infectious Disease Research; a College Council Minerva Research Grant; the Coulter Foundation; and the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Allergy and Infection Diseases, grant R01 AI176515. Additional support came from the HHV-6 Foundation.
To keep up with the latest medical research news from UVA, subscribe to the Making of Medicine blog at http://makingofmedicine.virginia.edu.
The divergence in the trends between initial and continuing claims continued this week, as the former continued their somnolent good news, while the latter had a slightly disconcerting pop.
Initial claims declined -2,000 to 210,000, and the four week average declined -750 to 211,000. On the other hand, with the usual one week delay, continuing claims rose 24,000 to 1.819 million:
The first two are in the same range they have been in for the past 4 to 6 months, while continuing claims are at their highest number but for 2 weeks in the past two years.
On the more important YoY basis for forecasting purposes, initial claims are down -9.5%, and the four week average is down -7.0%, the best YoY comparison in the past 12 months. Continuing claims are up 7.2%, but this is the second lowest YoY comparison in the past 12 months:
.
Now let’s update the forecast of the Sahm rule. With last month’s 2 year high in the unemployment rate, I’ve been wondering whether, because unemployment includes both new and existing job losses, it followed continuing claims more than initial claims (although initial claims leads both). The historical graphs, which I posted two weeks ago so I won’t repeat now, indicated that continuing claims also lead the unemployment rate, although with much less of a lead time.
With that in mind, here is this week’s update of the post-pandemic record for the past two years on a monthly YoY% basis (unemployment rate YoY shown in red):
Since on a monthly basis so far initial claims are significantly lower YoY, and continuing claims a little over 7% higher, I expect the unemployment rate to be either unchanged or slightly higher YoY in the next several months. This would take it back down to the 3.7% area.
Here’s the same comparison on an absolute rather than YoY basis:
This similarly suggests a slight decline in the unemployment rate to 3.7% or 3.8%. Since the lowest three month average of the unemployment rate in the past 12 months was 3.5%, it would take an increase to 4.0% averaged over three months to trigger the Sahm rule. Both initial and continuing claims indicate that is not going to happen in the immediate future.
The divergence in the trends between initial and continuing claims continued this week, as the former continued their somnolent good news, while the latter had a slightly disconcerting pop.
Initial claims declined -2,000 to 210,000, and the four week average declined -750 to 211,000. On the other hand, with the usual one week delay, continuing claims rose 24,000 to 1.819 million:
The first two are in the same range they have been in for the past 4 to 6 months, while continuing claims are at their highest number but for 2 weeks in the past two years.
On the more important YoY basis for forecasting purposes, initial claims are down -9.5%, and the four week average is down -7.0%, the best YoY comparison in the past 12 months. Continuing claims are up 7.2%, but this is the second lowest YoY comparison in the past 12 months:
.
Now let’s update the forecast of the Sahm rule. With last month’s 2 year high in the unemployment rate, I’ve been wondering whether, because unemployment includes both new and existing job losses, it followed continuing claims more than initial claims (although initial claims leads both). The historical graphs, which I posted two weeks ago so I won’t repeat now, indicated that continuing claims also lead the unemployment rate, although with much less of a lead time.
With that in mind, here is this week’s update of the post-pandemic record for the past two years on a monthly YoY% basis (unemployment rate YoY shown in red):
Since on a monthly basis so far initial claims are significantly lower YoY, and continuing claims a little over 7% higher, I expect the unemployment rate to be either unchanged or slightly higher YoY in the next several months. This would take it back down to the 3.7% area.
Here’s the same comparison on an absolute rather than YoY basis:
This similarly suggests a slight decline in the unemployment rate to 3.7% or 3.8%. Since the lowest three month average of the unemployment rate in the past 12 months was 3.5%, it would take an increase to 4.0% averaged over three months to trigger the Sahm rule. Both initial and continuing claims indicate that is not going to happen in the immediate future.
We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. By clicking “Accept”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies.
This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience.
Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously.
Cookie
Duration
Description
cookielawinfo-checbox-analytics
11 months
This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".
cookielawinfo-checbox-functional
11 months
The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional".
cookielawinfo-checbox-others
11 months
This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.
cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary
11 months
This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance
11 months
This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".
viewed_cookie_policy
11 months
The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data.
Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features.
Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors.
Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc.
Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads.
