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Scientists use wearable technology to detect stress levels during sleep

What if changes in a person’s stress levels could be detected while they sleep using wearable devices? A new study by University of Vermont researchers…

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What if changes in a person’s stress levels could be detected while they sleep using wearable devices? A new study by University of Vermont researchers published today in PLOS Digital Health is the first to find changes in perceived stress levels reflected in sleep data—an important step towards identifying biomarkers that may help flag individuals in need of support. 

Credit: Andy Duback

What if changes in a person’s stress levels could be detected while they sleep using wearable devices? A new study by University of Vermont researchers published today in PLOS Digital Health is the first to find changes in perceived stress levels reflected in sleep data—an important step towards identifying biomarkers that may help flag individuals in need of support. 

Given how critical sleep is to physical and mental health, the research team suspected signals might exist in sleep data, says Laura Bloomfield, a research assistant professor of mathematics and statistics and lead author of the study. “Changes in stress are visible.”

When parsing baseline sleep data, the researchers found “consistent associations” between people’s perceived stress scores and factors such as total sleep time, resting heart rate and heart rate variability, and respiratory rate. While it’s no surprise that most participants received less than the recommended 8 to 10 hours of sleep for young adults, the minutes do matter. For every additional hour of sleep recorded, the odds of someone reporting moderate-to-high stress decreased about 38 percent. Nightly resting heart rates offered more clues. For each additional beat per minute, the odds of experiencing stress increased by 3.6 percent.

Bloomfield is a principal investigator of the Lived Experience Measured Using Rings Study (LEMURS)—a longitudinal study started at UVM in 2022 that tracks hundreds of first- and second-year college students 24 hours a day using a wearable Oura ring biosensor and through surveys about their wellbeing. This is the first peer-reviewed paper from LEMURS and shows that data gleaned from wearables can reveal changes in people’s mental health status.

“The study showed that sleep measures from the Oura ring were predictive of participants’ perceived level of stress. If we are able to identify in real-time that someone is experiencing increased stress, there might be an opportunity to offer helpful interventions.,” Bloomfield explains. “There are a lot of ways to implement interventions, but the first step is understanding the connection between sleep measures and mental health measures.”

About LEMURS

The LEMURS project was conceived by Chris Danforth, professor of applied mathematics at UVM’s Vermont Complex Systems Center and fellow of the Gund Institute for Environment and Bloomfield, MD/Ph.D., to determine how wearable technologies could be used to improve young people’s health and well-being with personalized health feedback. LEMURS is supported by a grant from MassMutual.

College students, in general, don’t sleep enough, often feel stressed, and are at greater risk of experiencing mental health issues. The LEMURS research team will also evaluate the effectiveness of interventions such as exercise, excursions into nature, and group therapy—all interventions which have previously shown improvements in health and wellbeing—to understand which work best and how quickly scalable they are for large populations. But to do all of this requires identifying biometric data that provide the clearest signals for addressing changes in physical and mental health—a process that involves gathering and sifting through millions of hours of data each year.

LEMURS participants wear Oura rings that quietly collect measurements including temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and nightly sleep duration as well as complete routine surveys to collect more subjective responses about potential stressors and their emotions. Location information is also used to calculate the exposure participants have to nature. All this data is then combed by LEMURS researchers like Mikaela Fudolig, research assistant professor of mathematics and statistics, who test specific relationships that could be used to develop health interventions. She co-authored the PLOS Digital Health paper and says there is power in the study’s numbers.

Initially, 600 first-year students aged 18 to 20 enrolled in LEMURS. A second cohort of first-year students was added in fall 2023 with a goal of following these individuals through college and far into the future.

“We have been tracking the same students for almost two years now, and there are very few studies that do that,” says Fudolig, research assistant professor of mathematics and statistics, who co-authored the PLOS Digital Health paper and says there is power in the study’s numbers. “We have several sources of data. Taking these all together—your ring data, your survey data, your nature-dose data, we also have blood work done—we will see a lot of different dimensions from these participants. So, combining them is, to me, the most exciting thing of it all.”

These potential predictors of stress led to a sleep analysis of LEMURS participants by Fudolig which detected two distinct heart rate curves, particularly among women. We find that those who reported an impairment in their daily life due to anxiety or depression had heart rates that dropped later in the night, she explains.

“A high burden of stress”

The COVID-19 pandemic worsened mental health problems for an already vulnerable population. In the decade before COVID, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention found the percentage of high school students nationwide experiencing persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness jumped from 26.1 percent to 36.7 percent. The CDC’s 2021 Youth Risk Behavior Survey showed another jump—42 percent of students reported feeling persistently sad.

This is one reason Danforth and Bloomfield launched LEMURS in the first place.

“There is a high burden of stress in this population,” Bloomfield says, “College is seen as a very carefree period of time where you are coming into your own, but it’s also a period with a lot of transition and a lot of additional stressors. There needs to be better, accessible support systems for young adults during this time.

She wasn’t surprised to learn that perceived stress scores of LEMURS participants were high—64% of responses were considered moderate-to-highly stressed. These are personal assessments of how individuals feel about problems they encounter and their ability to manage them and responses vary depending on one’s life experiences, personality, support, and coping skills. Part of the challenge with interpreting stress signals using biometric data is figuring out when deviations from someone’s baseline are problematic and concerning, Bloomfield explains.

“This is a resilient population, they are young and healthy,” she continues. “But I think this study is bringing to light important issues facing this population. The ultimate goal with our research is that you can help support people in times of decreased mental health or physical health status.”

Additional UVM researchers involved in this study include Julia Kim, Jordan Llorin, Juniper Lovato, Matt Price, Taylor H. Ricketts, Peter Sheridan Dodds, Kathryn Stanton, and Christopher M. Danforth, working with Ellen McGinnis and Ryan McGinnis (Wake Forest University). This is the first peer-reviewed paper from UVM’s Lived Experience Measured Using Rings Study, a longitudinal investigation using wearable technologies to detect and incentivize positive changes in physical and mental health. The study is funded by a grant from MassMutual.


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You can get into many national parks for free (here is how)

The start of National Park Week means you can get in without paying the entry fee.

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Every year, National Park Week is organized with the goal of raising awareness around the country’s parks and forests.

While the pandemic has significantly increased the number of people who started traveling locally and made a goal to visit as many National Parks as possible, the aim of education about what treasures the country has and how they need to be conserved remains.

Related: These national parks are the most expensive to visit

Ever year, the National Park Service (NPS) also marks the start of National Park Week by waiving the entry fees that many of the parks charge its visitors. This year, free admission is available on April 20 while various activities are organized for the length of the week. 

Veronika Bondarenko took this photo from New River Gorge National Park.

Veronika Bondarenko

This is when you can get into Yosemite, Teton and other parks for free

“Love national parks?” the NPS writes in its announcement. “There's a holiday for that! Join us for National Park Week, a nine-day celebration of everything ‘parks.’ Not just about more than 400 national parks nationwide of different shapes, sizes, and types.”

More Travel:

The entry price of each national park varies (some are free entirely while others only charge for things like parking or camping which would not be waived). Parks like Yosemite in California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains and Glacier National Park on the border between Montana and Canada’s British Columbia charge a $35 entry fee per vehicle which will be waived on April 20. 

The fee is lower ($30 per vehicle) in Florida national parks like Everglades and Gulf Islands National Seashore but, regardless of the individual number, will be waived for the day. One will also not have to pay the lower entry fees for those coming by bike or foot.

National Parks are getting crowded and this leads to higher fees

While the waived fee can help some save some money and take advantage of a national park as a large family, visitors have been reporting that parks can get especially crowded during the free days.

As overcrowding has become a persistent issue even during the regular season, many parks across the country have been trying different things to combat it — from raising entry fees to timing when visitors come in.

At the end of March, Mount Rainier National Park in Washington State announced that it will soon start requiring those entering through its Paradise Corridor from the Southeast and Sunrise Corridor from the northeast between May and September to register their visit online. 

Earlier in the year, year, Zion National Park in Utah also raised park entry prices from $20 to $35 per night for those wanting to spend the night camping in its Watchman or South Campgrounds.

“Mount Rainier National Park has experienced an approximate 40% increase in visitation over the last 10 years, leading to overcrowding during the summer and damage to fragile ecosystems," the Washington National Park Service said in a statement on the changes. "In 2024, Mount Rainier National Park will implement a pilot timed entry reservation system to improve the visitor experience to the park by reducing wait times, congestion, and resource impacts on trails caused by overcrowding.”

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International

What millennials and gen Z professionals need to know about developing a meaningful career

Today’s young professionals entered the labour market in uncertain times.

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GaudiLab/Shutterstock

Quarter Life is a series about issues facing people in their 20s and 30s.


What is a “meaningful career”? It can be doing purpose-driven work that aligns with your values. It may mean finding a working arrangement that balances the different parts of your life. Or it could be a career that gives you the opportunity to be your authentic self, while contributing to the world or improving others’ lives. The answer is different for everyone, and can change over time.

Defining a meaningful career can be difficult enough – but then you need to get there. This is a deeply personal journey that involves identifying your values, passions and interests, and finding environments where you can thrive.

A new survey in the US has found that a sense of purpose at work or in school is the most important driver for gen Zers’ happiness. I recently interviewed 28 millennial and generation Z graduates in the UK about what a meaningful career means to them. All of the participants entered the labour market either during the 2008 financial crisis or the COVID pandemic, making them feel uncertain about their immediate future.


This article is run in partnership with HowTheLightGetsIn, the world’s largest ideas and music festival, which returns to Hay-on-Wye from May 24-27. On Sunday, May 26, The Conversation’s Avery Anapol will host a live event delving into whether “meaningful work” exists in today’s age. Check out the festival’s full line-up of speakers and don’t miss an exclusive 20% off tickets with code CONVO24.


One millennial graduate observed how people in their cohort “took whatever job they could get, then looked around for something else as the market recovered”. A gen Z graduate noted: “The graduate market was so poor due to COVID-19 that it was just a case of taking any job that was offered.”

In other words, the economic environment they found themselves in meant they didn’t always have the flexibility to prioritise meaning in their job search.

Millennials and gen Zers both spoke of valuing a collaborative and inclusive work environment. They wanted employers to prioritise their wellbeing by managing workloads and giving them autonomy to do their work. Access to training and development, a competitive salary package and career progression opportunities all featured prominently in the interviews. Both groups also spoke of the need to feel that their work contributed value to the organisation or broader society.

A young woman sitting outdoors at the base of a tree on a sunny day, writing in a journal
Think about your values and purpose. Pablo Calvog/Shutterstock

I also uncovered differences between millennials and gen Zers about what they want from a meaningful career. However, these had more to do with life stages than generational labels.

Gen Zers felt that because of the pandemic, “there was so much uncertainty” – so they wanted “somewhere that had a bit more job security and stability”. They also felt a well-known employer with a good reputation “was safer in terms of job security during the pandemic”.

Millennials, now having children and “settling down”, placed greater emphasis on wanting a shorter commute and reducing the amount of physical travel for work. They were more likely to call for “family-friendly policies”, although women from both age groups discussed this more than men.

People prioritise different things in work depending on their life stages, and as things like caregiving responsibilities enter the picture. Your definition of a “meaningful” career might change over your lifespan.

Finding a meaningful career

Once you’ve determined what a meaningful career would look like for you, there are steps you can take to plan for and develop it. Remember, it is an ongoing process to align your career with your values, passions and interests, and it is perfectly normal for these to evolve over time.

1. Consider your environment

Think about how the physical space of work can help you thrive. For example, I’m a disabled and housebound millennial, so hybrid or in-person simply does not work for me. To do meaningful work, it has to happen at home. In contrast, if you live on your own or in a house-share with no space to work, you may find meaning from in-person interactions and seek out a role where you can be around other people.

2. Keep learning

Education does not have to begin or end with formal schooling. Commit to lifelong learning by embracing personal development throughout your career. Consider upskilling or reskilling opportunities, and alternative career paths.

I used to work in technology as a project manager. While I learned a lot, the work did not fulfil a sense of purpose and meaning for me. I retrained and pivoted into recruitment – helping graduates find internships and job opportunities gave me meaning, as I could see the outcome it had on people’s lives.

3. Build your network

You may not find or build a meaningful career all on your own. Developing an expansive network of contacts can give you insight into other industries, organisations or roles, and may help you access new opportunities in the future. You may want to meet with a career counsellor or find a mentor. Qualified career counsellors can be a wealth of information and support – as can friends, family and colleagues.

4. Be authentic and flexible

Because meaningful work is so personal, you have to have a strong sense of your own values – and stay true to them. Research shows there are many mental and physical benefits to having a purpose. If you know your values and purpose, you can align your work with your authentic self.

If you are trying to figure out what your values are or are stuck in a role that doesn’t align with them, do not panic. It’s never too late to make a change. As my own and my participants’ experiences show, not every job you take will be perfectly matched with your values. That’s OK. You can still learn skills and use this time to refine what a meaningful career means to you.

And if the reality of a situation does not meet your expectations, do not be afraid to try something new, or look for meaning outside of work.


A fan of cutting-edge debate and putting ideas at the centre of public life? Then you won’t want to miss HowTheLightGetsIn, the world’s largest ideas and music festival this spring. Returning to Hay-on-Wye from May 24-27, the event will convene world-leading thinkers and Nobel prize-winners including David Petraeus, Roger Penrose, Daniel Dennett, Amy Chua, Peter Singer and Sophie Scott-Brown. A remedy to online echo-chambers, the festival unites speakers across disciplines to chart tangible solutions to the crises of our era.

And don’t miss The Conversation’s live event at the festival on Sunday, May 26 with Avery Anapol delving into whether “meaningful work” exists in today’s age. We’re delighted to offer 20% off tickets with the code CONVO24. Get discounted tickets here.

William E. Donald does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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Tracking ticks in Georgia to help monitor emerging diseases

The most common tick found on humans in Georgia is the lone star tick — an aggressive seeker of blood that can spread dangerous pathogens through its…

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The most common tick found on humans in Georgia is the lone star tick — an aggressive seeker of blood that can spread dangerous pathogens through its bites.

Credit: Emory University

The most common tick found on humans in Georgia is the lone star tick — an aggressive seeker of blood that can spread dangerous pathogens through its bites.

Emory University researchers combined field data with spatial-analysis techniques to map the distribution of the lone star tick across the state. The journal Parasites & Vectors published the research, which identifies specific environmental conditions associated with this tick species, Amblyomma americanum, in Georgia.

The areas with the highest probability for the presence of lone star ticks include parts of the Southeastern Plains and Piedmont ecoregions of the state, including metro Atlanta.

“We found that these regions contain sweet spots for the lone star tick,” says Stephanie Bellman, first author of the study and an MD/PhD student in Emory’s School of Medicine and Rollins School of Public Health. “They tend to be more prevalent in forested areas of mid-elevation — not too high or too low — and in soils that retain moisture but are not swampy.”

The study maps the distribution at the scale of one square kilometer. That resolution is far finer than the currently available information, which is limited to the county level and does not encompass the state.

“As the weather warms and people start getting into the outdoors more, we hope our data can be used to target areas for tick-bite prevention messaging,” says Gonzalo Vazquez-Prokopec, professor in Emory’s Department of Environmental Sciences and senior author of the study.

Vazquez-Prokopec is a leading expert in vector-borne diseases — infections transmitted among humans and animals by the bite of a living organism, such as a tick or a mosquito.

Diseases the lone star tick is known to transmit include ehrlichiosis, southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI) and Heartland virus disease — which was first identified in the United States in 2009. The bite of the lone star tick is also associated with a potentially life-threatening allergy to red meat and dairy products known as alpha-gal syndrome.

Mapping the lone star tick is another step in a comprehensive Emory project to track and monitor the array of tick species in Georgia and the diseases that they can spread — including those caused by emerging pathogens.

Tickborne diseases are on the rise, far surpassing the incidence of diseases spread by mosquitos in the United States. While Lyme disease is the most common, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) currently recognizes 18 tickborne diseases in the country.

“We need to educate people that the environment that they grew up in is likely very different in terms of the number and types of ticks and the pathogens that they are carrying,” Vazquez-Prokopec says.

Climate change is fueling warmer and shorter winters, increasing opportunities for some species of ticks to breed more frequently and expand their ranges. Land-use changes are also strongly associated with tickborne diseases, as more human habitats encroach on wooded areas and the loss of natural habitat forces wildlife to live in denser populations.

“Georgia is a tick haven in general,” Bellman says, “since we have a long warm season and such a diversity of habitats.”

The researchers decided to focus first on mapping the distribution of the lone star tick because it is the dominant tick species in Georgia and can spread an array of pathogens. In 2019, the Emory researchers found that Heartland virus is circulating in lone star ticks in Georgia, an emerging pathogen that is not well understood.

Named for a bright, yellowish-white spot on its back, the lone star tick is widely distributed in wooded areas across the Southeast, Eastern and Midwest United States. It is tiny —in the nymph stage it is about the size of a sesame seed and as an adult it is barely a quarter-of-an-inch in diameter as an adult.

Despite its tiny size, the lone star tick is aggressive in its quest for blood meals. “They can sense carbon dioxide from your exhaled breath and the vibrations from your movement in a forest,” Bellman says. “They climb up onto vegetation and reach out their legs to grab onto you as you pass by.”

For the current study, Bellman led crews of Emory students, known as “the tick team,” in field surveys. They used “flagging” as a tick-collection technique. A white flannel cloth attached to a pole is swished in a figure-eight motion through the underbrush. Tweezers are used to transfer any ticks found on the flannel into a vial.

Tick team members surveyed 198 locations at 43 state parks and wildlife management areas across the state, from March to July 2022. Analyses combined the site-sampling data with environmental variables — including type of vegetation, land use, climate, elevation and other factors — characteristic for six different ecoregions of Georgia.

Lone star ticks were found in all of the ecoregions except for the mountainous Blue Ridge ecoregion in the northeast corner of the state. The majority of the ticks were found in forested areas of the Piedmont, Southeastern Plains and Southern Coastal Plains ecoregions.

The researchers encourage people to follow the recommendations of the CDC for preventing tick bites. And while the map for the lone star tick provides guidance on the likelihood of encountering the most prevalent human-biting tick in the state, there are other tick species that the researchers have yet to map.

The black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis), which can transmit the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, for instance, is also established in Georgia. Lyme disease, however, is relatively uncommon in in the state for reasons that are not yet well-understood.

The researchers are also investigating the Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) in Georgia. Long established in China, Japan, Russia and parts of the Pacific, the Asian longhorned tick was first detected in the United States in 2017, in New Jersey, and has since spread to 19 states. It was found on farm animals in Pickens County, Georgia in 2021.

The Asian longhorned tick reproduces asexually and a single female can generate as many as 100,000 eggs, rapidly producing massive amounts of offspring that feed on livestock. So many ticks can be covering a single sheep or cow that the loss of blood physically weakens or, in extreme cases, kills the animal.

While it is often associated with livestock, the Emory research team recently found Asian longhorned ticks in the Buck Shoals Wildlife Management Area in White County, Georgia.

The Asian longhorned tick carries bacterial and viral pathogens that can infect humans, including severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), also known as Dabie bandavirus. Human cases of SFTS, a hemorrhagic fever, emerged in China in 2009 and have since been identified in other parts of Asia, although not in the United States.

Also of concern is the fact that the Heartland virus shares genomic similarities with SFTS, which suggests the Asian longhorn tick could potentially transmit this emerging pathogen.

The Emory team has been finding the Heartland virus in lone star ticks collected from central Georgia starting in 2019. They have continued to find Heartland virus in at least some of the ticks collected from that area nearly annually through 2023. (They did not perform collections in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.)

More than 60 cases of Heartland virus disease have been reported in the United States, according to the latest CDC statistics. Many of the identified cases were severe enough to require hospitalization, and a few individuals with co-morbidities have died.

The actual number of people who may have been infected with Heartland virus is believed to be higher, however, since the virus is not well known and tests are rarely ordered for it. Complicating the issue is the fact that symptoms of Heartland virus are akin to those of many tickborne illnesses: fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, diarrhea and muscle or joint pain.

“Human cases of Heartland virus are rare now, but we don’t know whether that could change,” Bellman says. “We need to gather more baseline data and learn how it spreads in the environment so that we have the evidence we need to potentially prevent, or limit, its spread.”

Anne Piantadosi, assistant professor in Emory School of Medicine’s Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, is co-author of the study.

Co-authors also include five Emory students who conducted fieldwork: Ellie Fausett (who has since graduated with a joint environmental sciences/MPH degree); Leah Aeschleman and Audrey Long (who have since received master’s of public health degrees from Rollins School of Public Health); Josie Pilchik, (who graduated with a bachelor’s in biology) and Isabella Roeske (an Emory senior majoring in environmental sciences).

Work on the current paper was funded by grants from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institutes of Health, Emory University and the Emory MP3 Initiative and Infectious Disease Across Scales Training Program.


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