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TikTok’s duet, green screen and stitch turn political point-scoring into an art form

TikTok’s features for combining different users’ videos have sparked a wave of creativity. They’ve also formed an arena for political arguments and…

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TikTok's features for combining users' videos lend themselves to political disputes. Quick et al, CC BY-NC-SA

Since its astronomical rise in popularity during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns, TikTok has played an increasing role in all aspects of American life, including politics, from the White House briefing key TikTok creators on the war in Ukraine to Joe Biden’s presidential campaign launching a TikTok account.

The U.S. House of Representatives passed legislation on March 13, 2024, seeking to force TikTok’s China-based parent company to sell the app or face a ban in the U.S. Even if this legislation passes the Senate and Biden signs it into law, it’s unlikely TikTok will go away before the 2024 U.S. presidential election. Any law banning TikTok is likely to be challenged in court, and the app won’t simply disappear from people’s phones overnight.

Given that TikTok is almost certain to play a role in the 2024 election, it’s important to examine how TikTok helps shape political expression and discussion. With communications scholar Mackenzie Quick, I recently published a journal article exploring how American TikTok users use the app’s stitch, duet and green screen features to stoke partisan conflict.

Getting together

TikTok says its mission is to “inspire creativity and bring joy.” In 2019, it introduced several features to help bolster that mission: duet, green screen and stitch. Duet allows you to post your video side by side with a video from another TikTok user. Green screen allows you to superimpose your video on a video from another TikTok user. Stitch allows you to append your video to the end of a short clip from a video from another TikTok user.

TikTok offers several ways to add your video commentary to other people’s tiktoks.

TikTok describes these features as giving users “the most creative tools available” and providing a way for users “to engage with the world of content that’s made … by the ever-creative TikTok community.” Given these descriptions, it appears that these tools were designed to increase creativity, interaction and connections.

They can be used in playful ways or used by subject matter experts to convey information. For example, some veterinarians use TikTok to convey pet health information.

However, a platform’s statements about how it intends its features to be used and how people actually use them can be quite different. While these features are often used in TikTok’s preferred ways, our research found that in political tiktoks, people often used the tools to double down on their political positions and attack those who don’t agree with them. In a time of volatile political divisiveness, these features can function as outlets for people to express their strongly held political views.

blurred photo of a woman's face superimposed ove a text list
A TikTok user makes a political statement using the app’s green screen feature. Quick et al, CC BY-NC-SA

Scoring points

Reinforcement and insults were recurring themes in our study. For instance, the green screen feature was often used to incorporate “evidence” in the background to support the creator’s claims. With this feature, “evidence” was often presented in the form of news articles or posts from other social media platforms.

One post from a conservative-leaning creator features a screenshot of the Apple iTunes music store charts to show the popularity of a song called “Let’s Go Brandon,” a conservative rallying cry and coded insult against Biden. This creator presents the song’s position at No. 1 in the music store as proof that the conservative viewpoint is popular. “Evidence” is a loose term and could be anything that supported the creator’s viewpoint.

We found the duet feature was often used to communicate nonverbally, often to poke fun at someone with opposing political views. Eye rolling, smirking and head shaking were common gestures. In one video, a conservative creator starts a chain – an extended succession of duets – of women who support former President Donald Trump. A liberal-leaning creator uses the duet feature to join the chain with video of themselves holding a clothes iron out to the side to make it appear as though the iron is burning the original creator’s hand.

Side-by-side photos of people with faces blurred
TikTok’s duet feature is often used to show support or opposition to a political statement. Quick et al, CC BY-NC-SA

Stitches functioned similarly to duets, but people tended to use the feature as a chance to verbally respond and refute the previous creator’s point. These uses show that on political TikTok, personal feelings and proving others wrong matter more than constructive debate.

The who and why of political TikTok

While regulation of the app is a political issue, understanding how political conversations occur across TikTok remains important for understanding an increasingly polarized American electorate. When considering political discussions on TikTok, however, it’s important to remember that the app’s features don’t force users to do anything. Users actively shape their experiences in digital spaces.

Also, as political communication scholars Daniel Kreiss and Shannon McGregor note, it’s important to proceed with caution when discussing the effects of technology on polarization because not all groups experience polarization the same way. For instance, the Black Lives Matter movement may be seen as polarizing for disrupting existing power structures, but its goal is to fight for equality, and it’s important to consider that context when looking at the group’s use of technology.

The lesson is to consider who is engaging in polarizing content and why they are doing so. While some users expressing themselves via these TikTok features aim to simply prove others wrong, akin to petty arguments, others may be critiquing and challenging the powerful.

Jessica Maddox does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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International

Global Population Set To Fall For First Time In 700 Years

Global Population Set To Fall For First Time In 700 Years

Authored by Steve Watson via Modernity.news,

A major study published in scientific…

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Global Population Set To Fall For First Time In 700 Years

Authored by Steve Watson via Modernity.news,

A major study published in scientific journal The Lancet has found that the global population will start to fall within decades due to vastly reduced fertility rates and may never recover.

The study, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, found that by the year 2050, 155 of 204 countries are on course to have birth rates lower than required to sustain the population level.

It notes that as of 2021, the “total fertility rate” worldwide was 2.23, hovering only just above the 2.1 children per woman needed to maintain population growth.

That figure has fallen from 4.84 in 1950, with researchers predicting it will decrease to 1.83 in 2050 and go as low as 1.59 by 2100.

The study notes that by that time only 26 countries will have birth rates that outpace the number of people dying, with “most of the world transitioning into natural population decline”.

A fall in population would mark the first time in seven centuries such an occurrence has taken place.

The last time it happened was after the Black Death bubonic plague pandemic killed as many as 50 million people in the mid-1300s, reducing the global population from 400 million to 350 million.

Commenting on the study, it’s co-author Dr Natalia Bhattacharjee said declining fertility rates “will completely reconfigure the global economy and the international balance of power and will necessitate reorganising societies”.

Bhattacharjee, lead research scientist at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington, also noted that a major consequence will be increased immigration from countries where there is still a “baby boom,” such as sub-Saharan Africa, in order to make up workforce shortages in nations with aging populations.

Professor Stein Emil Vollset, senior author from IHME, also noted that the world is “facing staggering social change through the 21st century” due to population decline.

The findings are exactly what the likes of Elon Musk have been warning of for years, describing population decline as a ‘civilisational threat’ and urging that humanity is literally going to disappear if something is not done to reverse the trend.

While Eco loons rage about ‘moral issues’ with having children, the potential causes of fertility decline, such as plastics and chemical shrinking penises and sperm counts, are relatively ignored.

The stark reality is that birth rates globally are collapsing and almost every country is on course to have shrinking populations by the end of the century. 

In countries like South Korea and Japan, there are twice as many people are dying as there are being born. You don’t have to be a mathematic genius to do the calculations on what’s going to happen very soon.

These countries are already considering embracing mass migration, with South Korea’s Justice Minister recently declaring the country faces a “demographic catastrophe” and potential extinction otherwise.

Despite this horrifying reality, it is now commonplace in modern culture for young people to genuinely believe they need to abandon their human instincts to reproduce, all for the greater good:

*  *  *

Your support is crucial in helping us defeat mass censorship. Please consider donating via Locals or check out our unique merch. Follow us on X @ModernityNews.

Tyler Durden Fri, 03/22/2024 - 07:20

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Parexel CEO to retire; CAR-T maker AffyImmune promotes business leader to chief executive

Peyton Howell
→ Jamie Macdonald will retire as CEO of Parexel on May 15, and the clinical research organization has already named Peyton Howell — the…

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Peyton Howell

Jamie Macdonald will retire as CEO of Parexel on May 15, and the clinical research organization has already named Peyton Howell — the current chief operating and growth officer — as his successor. Macdonald replaced co-founder and longtime chief executive Josef von Rickenbach in March 2018, and Howell arrived two months later as chief commercial and strategy officer. Earlier, she handled a series of roles for more than a decade at AmerisourceBergen.

“Jamie guided Parexel through a pivotal time in the company’s evolution, leading it through its successful acquisition by EQT and Goldman Sachs Asset Management in 2021 and achieving industry-leading profit growth across his tenure with the company — outpacing the top-tier CROs during this same period to position Parexel for sustainable growth,” board chair Sheri McCoy said in a statement.

Macdonald will keep his board seat at Parexel until the end of this year.

Matt Britz

→ Chaired by Simone Song, who just announced a $260 million second fund at ORI Capital a month ago, AffyImmune Therapeutics has promoted Matt Britz to CEO. Britz joined AffyImmune as SVP of business development from Minerva Biotechnologies in 2021, and he was quickly elevated to COO. In addition to the new boss, AffyImmune has welcomed bluebird bio alum Pete Gelinas as SVP of CMC. For the past two years, Gelinas led manufacturing and technical operations at David Hallal’s ElevateBio. Song’s crew at ORI forked over $30 million for AffyImmune’s “Series A+” in October 2021, and we’ll see if the CAR-T developer has another fundraising round on the horizon.

Christine Roth

Bayer told Nicole DeFeudis this week that it’s “basically halving” the number of execs on its pharmaceutical leadership team as part of the massive restructuring project that’s taking place at the German multinational. It means the end of the road for Anne-Grethe Mortensen, a longtime Bayer staffer who has been chief marketing officer since 2019, but she’s the only one who will part ways. Sebastian Guth, who has been doing double duty as president of Bayer US and president of North America pharmaceuticals, will be COO on April 1 and stay in the US. The head of the oncology strategic business unit, Christine Roth, will lead a new “global commercialization” team on June 1. Meanwhile, R&D chief Christian Rommel and product supply leader Holger Weintritt aren’t going anywhere and neither is CMO Michael Devoy, but Devoy won’t be on the pharma leadership roster.

Annemarie Hanekamp

Annemarie Hanekamp will replace Sean Marett as BioNTech’s chief commercial officer on July 1. Hanekamp led the radioligand therapy teams at Novartis, which got a jump on an increasingly buzzy field with the approvals of Lutathera (from the Advanced Accelerator Applications buyout) and Pluvicto. Before that, she had numerous roles in 11 years at Bristol Myers Squibb, culminating in her promotion to head of sales, US immunology. BioNTech makes this leadership move as Covid-19 revenue continues its downward slide and as the German company touts an oncology pipeline that contains ADCs and bispecifics.

Noah Berkowitz

→ Several weeks after CFO Sean Cassidy’s departure, Arvinas has made another C-suite change by bringing in Noah Berkowitz as CMO. From 2020-23, Berkowitz was Bristol Myers’ development unit head, hematology, and he also tackled the role of clinical development head for hematology during his tenure at Novartis. Ron Peck, a Bristol Myers vet in his own right who had been medical chief since 2019, is stepping down from the protein degradation player “to pursue other opportunities.”

Fulcrum Therapeutics has enlisted Patrick Horn as CMO, while interim medical chief Iain Fraser will become SVP of early development. We last saw Horn in this space when he was named CMO of HemoShear Therapeutics, and he’s held the same position with Tetraphase and Albireo Pharma. Ex-Fulcrum CMO Santiago Arroyo left after five months to take the role of development chief at Bicycle Therapeutics in April 2023. Four months later, the FDA lifted the clinical hold on Fulcrum’s sickle cell therapy FTX-6058.

Simon Cooper

Morphic Therapeutic also has a new medical chief: Simon Cooper spent more than two and a half years with Keros Therapeutics in the same capacity, and he’s also been CMO at Kadmon and Anokion. Cooper has an extensive Big Pharma background with Roche, Novartis and Sanofi, and he was an asset strategy leader for risankizumab (known as the blockbuster Skyrizi) at AbbVie. Last September, Morphic’s stock took a tumble when its inflammatory bowel disease drug MORF-057 did not surpass Takeda’s Entyvio in terms of efficacy.

→ Eye drug developer Clearside Biomedical has picked up Victor Chong as CMO. Chong joins the team in Georgia from J&J Innovative Medicine, where he was VP, global head of retina DAS. Before that, he was global head of medicine, retinal health at Boehringer Ingelheim.

→ Elsewhere, at Ocugen, the company has promoted Huma Qamar to the role of CMO. Qamar has been with the company for over three years. Prior to her role at Ocugen, Qamar was with FSD Pharma as SVP, head of R&D.

Petra Kaufmann

Vigil Neuroscience concludes our tour through the latest CMO hires with the exit of Christopher Silber after just five months with the company. In walks Petra Kaufmann, the former CMO of AAV gene therapy biotech Affinia Therapeutics. Kaufmann is also the former SVP, clinical development, translational medicine & analytics for Novartis Gene Therapies. The FDA lifted a partial clinical hold on Vigil’s lead program, a TREM2 antibody now called iluzanebart, almost exactly a year ago.

Michael Boretti has taken the CBO job at Solu Therapeutics, the Longwood upstart that’s now run by ex-Faze Medicines CEO Phil Vickers. Boretti previously held the CBO post at Celsius Therapeutics since 2019 and he’s the ex-VP of business development for Epizyme. Santé Ventures, DCVC Bio and the venture arm of Astellas are among the investors that joined Longwood for Solu’s $31 million seed round last summer.

Dan Neil

BenevolentAI says that chief technology officer Dan Neil will be ending his seven-year run at the company in April “to relocate to be nearer his family.” James Malone will succeed Neil. He just finished a year-long stint with Logically.ai as VP of engineering; earlier, Malone was BenchSci’s VP, data engineering, machine learning and bioinformatics.

Larry Hineline is retiring after 22 years as CFO of Caplyta maker Intra-Cellular Therapies, which has also elevated Michael Halstead to president. Halstead has spent the last decade as Intra-Cellular’s general counsel and was elevated to EVP in 2019.

Jonathan Gillis

→ Through its acquisition of Karuna Therapeutics, Bristol Myers has a Sept. 26 decision date for the schizophrenia drug KarXT. Another contender in this space comes from MapLight Therapeutics, which has selected Vishwas Setia as CFO and shifted his predecessor, Jonathan Gillis, to chief administrative and accounting officer. Setia worked at Bank of America Securities for nearly a decade and served as a managing director in the healthcare investment banking group. MapLight secured a $225 million Series C last October and while ML-007C-MA is a muscarinic 1 and muscarinic 4 agonist like KarXT, the difference is it’s in combination with a peripheral muscarinic antagonist.

Syndax Pharmaceuticals, which closed a $230 million public offering in December, has named Steven Closter as CCO. Closter previously worked at Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, culminating in his role as VP, brand strategy and launch excellence. Before that, he spent nearly two decades at Forest Laboratories in senior marketing and commercial roles, including VP, marketing.

Tracey Lodie

→ Co-founded by scientific advisory board chair George Church and backed by Bayer, GRO Biosciences has welcomed Tracey Lodie as chief development officer. Lodie comes to GRObio from Quell Therapeutics, where he had been CSO since the summer of 2021. The 14-year Sanofi Genzyme vet also spent two years as Gamida Cell’s science chief and was SVP, translational immunology for BlueRock Therapeutics. In November 2021, GRObio raised $25 million in Series A financing to make protein therapies with artificial amino acids.

→ Lyon, France-based MaaT Pharma, which completed a new microbiome facility in France with Skyepharma last September, has enlisted Jonathan Chriqui as CBO. Chriqui has experience from Ipsen and Servier under his belt and formerly served as chief operating & chief business development officer at Somagenetix.

John Maraganore

John Maraganore inundated Peer Review with a barrage of board appointments and advisory gigs after he stepped down from Alnylam, but lately it’s been all quiet on the Maraganore front — until this week. He’s now on the board at Rapport Therapeutics, a neuro biotech that racked up two megarounds in short order last year and is chaired by ex-Karuna chief Steve Paul. Maraganore is also a venture partner at both Atlas Ventures and ARCH Venture Partners.

→ As BeiGene celebrates the long-awaited US approval of its PD-1 drug tislelizumab, which will be branded as Tevimbra, Checkpoint Therapeutics will resubmit a BLA for its PD-1 candidate cosibelimab after the FDA issued a CRL in December. Checkpoint has now elected Amit Sharma to the board of directors. Sharma, the VP of clinical development and therapeutic head for nephrology and hematology at AstraZeneca’s rare disease unit Alexion, was previously a medical affairs exec in Bayer’s cardiovascular and renal division.

Maggie Pax has sewn up a spot on the board of directors at Repligen. In the back half of her eight years with Thermo Fisher, Pax was VP, strategy and innovation.

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Government

Censorship And The Digital Public Square

Censorship And The Digital Public Square

Authored by Adeline Von Drehle via RealClear Wire,

“We don’t want no censorship, we don’t…

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Censorship And The Digital Public Square

Authored by Adeline Von Drehle via RealClear Wire,

We don’t want no censorship, we don’t need no censorship!” Kevin Nathaniel’s voice boomed from the podium in front of the Supreme Court as he, frontman of the Spirit Drummers, led the crowd in a series of sing-songy, reggae-inspired chants. His audience was small but excitable. Some wore Kennedy ’24 beanies and “Ivermectin saves lives” T-shirts. Others showed off signs reading “Fauci is the tyrant the founding fathers warned us about,” and “Freedom of speech includes views you don’t like,” and “Media literacy = censorship,” as they bopped along to the bongo drums.

Inside, the Supreme Court was gearing up to hear the oral arguments of Murthy v. Missouri, in which Missouri and Louisiana, as well as several individuals, claim that federal officials violated the First Amendment in their efforts to combat misinformation on social media. The parties contend that the Biden administration effectively coerced platforms into silencing the voices of American citizens, particularly those on the right who posted about the COVID-19 lab leak theory, pandemic lockdowns, vaccine side effects, election fraud, and the Hunter Biden laptop story. The plaintiffs have called it a “sprawling Censorship Enterprise.”

People live with different facts than their neighbors. One reason for this is social media algorithms, which use engagement features such as “like” buttons to feed users more of the content they seem to be interested in. Such a system can result in one person’s feed looking completely alien to another person. That we live in parallel universes is not news, but the dilemma it poses raises crucial questions about the responsibility of social media companies to track what is on their platforms and whether the government even has the right – or the responsibility – to counter what it deems misinformation, and when a line has been crossed into unconstitutional censorship.

Plaintiffs in Murthy v. Missouri claim the line was crossed, and then crossed a few hundred more times. The suit names federal officials including President Joe Biden, former White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki, Anthony Fauci, Surgeon General Vivek Murthy, and others – as well as federal agencies such as the Department of Health and Human Services and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

While the lawsuit ostensibly sets out to detail the many ways the federal government violated Americans’ First Amendment rights, it also spent a great deal of its time explaining why the information the mainstream has labeled “misinformation” is actually the truth.

The Missouri and Louisiana attorneys general cite studies, journal articles, and news stories to bolster their assertions about mail-in voter fraud and about the inefficacy of masking, quarantining, and COVID-19 vaccines. “Yesterday’s ‘misinformation’ often becomes today’s viable theory and tomorrow’s established fact,” they wrote in their legal brief.

The plaintiffs go on to the meat of their complaint, which is about 50 pages of what they hope will be viewed as convincing evidence of a well-oiled censorship machine.

In one example, they present transcripts of Jen Psaki linking encouragement for social media companies to “stop amplifying untrustworthy content … especially related to COVID-19, vaccinations, and elections” with comments about anti-trust regulation and privacy protections, insinuating that the federal government would impose undesirable regulations on social media companies if they do not increase censorship of right-wing messaging.

The suit also states that Dr. Fauci “coordinated with social-media firms to police and suppress speech regarding COVID-19 on social media,” particularly about the lab-leak theory – which contends that COVID-19 originated in a lab in Wuhan, China – because Fauci himself signed off on funding the gain-of-function research that may have created the virus. Instead, Fauci and other officials at the National Institutes of Health pushed the narrative that COVID was a zoonotic virus that jumped to humans in a Wuhan seafood market.

Whether these examples and many others constitute threats or nefarious coercion is what the high court is now weighing. A federal district court judge issued a preliminary injunction that prevents much of the federal government from collaborating with various groups about what should and should not be allowed on social media. The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals kept it in place, saying the evidence showed the existence of “a coordinated campaign” of unprecedented “magnitude orchestrated by federal officials that jeopardized a fundamental aspect of American life.”

The injunction rang alarm bells as it specifically banned communication between the federal government and the Election Integrity Partnership, which was instrumental in debunking false claims about the 2020 election. The Supreme Court stayed the injunction, suggesting it was less convinced than the lower courts by initial evidence.

One private individual suing alongside the states is Dr. Aaron Kheriaty, who was fired from his job at a University of California school for refusing a COVID-19 vaccine. Author of “The New Abnormal: The Rise of the Biomedical Security State,” Kheriaty describes government censorship as a “leviathan,” a Hobbesian term to describe an entity with utter control over its subjects.

“It’s an interconnected network of public and supposedly private entities that is basically working 24/7 to flag and pressure the social media companies into doing its bidding with censorship,” said Kheriaty. “If these social media companies are not complying, the government can turn the screws and turn up the temperature and basically force them into compliance.”

Some conspiracy theories turn out to be true. But this would be a big one.

It is undeniable that conservative and right-wing voices were censored on social media, mostly beginning in and around March 2020, just as the plaintiffs argue in their suit. Platforms such as Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), and YouTube all made concerted efforts to either outright remove dissenting posts about the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 presidential election, or at least to diminish the reach of such posts.

Litigating whether such measures are unconstitutional raises a host of questions, starting with whether platforms such as X or Facebook are solely private sector companies or whether in a highly digital age they have become the de facto public square where censorship is more proscribed. This is not merely an academic concern. The First Amendment protects, in the Supreme Court’s words, a “robust sphere of individual liberty” that allows private actors to make their own decisions about what speech they wish to associate with. Social media companies have been considered private actors under the law and are permitted to moderate user speech and content as they see fit under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act.

But with social media platforms acting as the present-day town square, it’s no surprise that so many Americans think it unjust that they could be censored for their views. “Modern society is so thoroughly dependent upon social media for communication, news, commerce, education, and entertainment that any restriction of access to it can easily feel like a matter of constitutional significance,” writes legal scholar Mary Anne Franks.

The Murthy v. Missouri suit argues that Section 230 “directly contributed to the rise of a small number of extremely powerful social-media platforms, who have now turned into a ‘censorship cartel.’” In this part of the suit, the case transforms itself into an argument for the overturning of Section 230, which multiple states are considering.

The lawsuit cites numerous examples of censorship that occurred before the Biden administration took office, and claims it was indeed threats from the Biden campaign which coerced social media companies to overly censor. It will be difficult to prove abridgment of free speech on these points, as only a government – not a campaign – is legally bound by the First Amendment.

The plaintiffs cite, “perhaps most notoriously,” the example of the Hunter Biden laptop story. The New York Post ran a story on Oct. 14, 2020, about the computer of then-presidential nominee Joe Biden’s son and the proof it held of corrupt business dealings, but the Post’s Twitter account was blocked until after the election. In fact, no one could share the story (even via Twitter direct message) because, as the Wall Street Journal Editorial Board put it, “nearly all of the media at the time ignored the story or ‘fact-checked’ as false.” The plaintiffs argue the story was censored because social media companies were “parroting the Biden campaign’s false line,” and so treated the story as “disinformation.”

Similar arguments are made about censorship of speech that raised concerns about the security of voting by mail – that the Biden campaign coerced social media companies into censoring such speech because it did not align with their personal interests. Such posts about election fraud spiraled into a narrative that the election was stolen and contributed to the violent Jan. 6 riot at the U.S. Capitol.

In 1783, George Washington warned that if ‘the Freedom of Speech may be taken away,’ then ‘dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep, to the Slaughter.’ Citing this quote, the plaintiffs in Murthy v. Missouri began their quest to unveil the censorship leviathan.

Whether the courts find their evidence compelling enough to reapply the injunction on much of the federal government is the question of the case. The plaintiffs argue that the government has no role at all, insisting that labeling “disfavored speech ‘misinformation’ or ‘disinformation’ does not strip it of First Amendment protection. Some false statements are inevitable if there is to be an open and vigorous expression of views.”

Kheriaty echoed the sentiment. “The constitution is very clear that the government’s role is not to distinguish between true and false information or true and false speech,” he said. “The government’s only role is to distinguish between legal and illegal speech.”

Danger is invited in when people are not exposed to a multitude of viewpoints, they say. Perhaps we are all victims of the certain censorship that comes from our personalized social media feeds, in which we are fed only information we want to hear. Each side thinks the other is brainwashed. This has led to real-world harm, and surely will again in the future. Whose job is it to save us from ourselves?

Tyler Durden Fri, 03/22/2024 - 04:15

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