Six Retail Stocks to Buy for Profiting from Holiday Season Sales
Six retail stocks to buy for profiting from holiday season sales and the year ahead highlight the value of focusing on sector leaders. The six retail stocks to buy for profiting from holiday sales and future growth opportunities feature top-tier companies
Six retail stocks to buy for profiting from holiday season sales and the year ahead highlight the value of focusing on sector leaders.
The six retail stocks to buy for profiting from holiday sales and future growth opportunities feature top-tier companies in specialty, home improvement, discount, restaurant and internet business segments. Those six retail stocks to buy for profiting during upcoming holiday shopping are expected to perform strongly compared with their competitors, according to BofA Securities.
In contrast with last year when COVID-19 kept many shoppers out of malls and brick-and-mortar stores, the 2021 holiday gift-buying season should usher in strong comparable sales and profits in most categories as comfort with in-person shopping grows, BofA wrote in a recent research note. Even though many consumers are returning to in-person shopping, BofA forecasts an increased preference for gift cards — both physical and digital — by those who may remain hesitant to shop in public places while COVID-19 cases and deaths continue to pose a threat.
Six Retail Stocks to Buy for Profiting Could Rise from Secular Growth
BofA projects that comparable holiday sales-weighted average should rise 4.9% year over year (y/y), or 5.1% when factoring out Walmart (NYSE: WMT), which accounts for 30% of total group sales in the investment firm’s retail coverage universe. Store capacity limits, reduced store hours and stay-at-home mandates across many regions of the United States hurt sales last year but those effects should be lessened this year, BofA wrote.
“Many investors who don’t delve into the details of how S&P classifies stocks can miss opportunities,” said Bob Carlson, who leads the Retirement Watch investment newsletter. “Investing in retailers is one case.”
Many firms that investors may consider to be retailers are classified in the Consumer Discretionary sector by S&P, continued Carlson, who serves as chairman of the Board of Trustees of Virginia’s Fairfax County Employees’ Retirement System with more than $4 billion in assets. One way that Carlson recommends investing in the sector is to purchase the exchange-traded fund (ETF) iShares U.S. Consumer Discretionary (IYC).
The top holding of IYC is Amazon (NASDAQ: AMZN), which is 13.48% of the fund, Carlson said. Other large holdings and their weightings in the fund are Tesla (NASDAQ: TSLA; 9.40%), Home Depot (NASDAQ: HD; 4.49%), Walt Disney (NYSE: DIS; 4.06%), and Netflix (NASDAQ: NFLX; 3.92%), Carlson commented. Further companies that compose the 10 largest positions in IYC and are likely to benefit from a strong retail season are Costco Wholesale Corp. (NASDAQ: COST), Nike Inc. (NYSE: NKE), Walmart (NYSE: WMT) and Lowe’s Companies (NYSE: LOW).
Bath & Body Works Rates Among Six Retail Stocks to Buy
In the specialty retail category, BofA’s top pick is Bath & Body Works (BBWI), an “undervalued” growth company. BBWI is viewed by BofA as offering “strong demand” as teacher gift buying resumes and its domestic manufacturing limits supply-chain risks.
BBWI received a “Buy” recommendation and a $90 price objective from BofA. The investment firm called Bath & Body Works one of the best positioned retailers going into the holiday season and into 2022.
The stock currently trades at a discount to both makeup and personal care peers, while offering one of the most consistent growth stories in retail with room for upward estimate revisions, BofA wrote. A return to normalized gift giving will aid demand for candles, lotions and gift packs, the investment firm predicted.
BBWI’s primarily domestic supply chain, accounting for more than 90% of its total goods, insulates it from the factory shutdowns and delays in international shipping that are putting other retailers’ deliveries at risk, BofA wrote. Plus, BBWI’s only imports are packaging components, such as candle lids and soap pumps, that are sourced from China.
This reduced risk positions BBWI to gain market share during the holiday, if delays hamper the deliveries of other goods. After benefiting from COVID-19 demand, second-half comparisons will be tough, but BofA estimates more normalized sales growth through fiscal year 2023 at 7%.
Lowe’s Lands on List of Six Retail Stocks to Buy for Holiday Potential
Home improvement company Lowe’s now holds increased negotiating power with suppliers and transportation partners compared to smaller scale home improvement retailers, according to BofA. The investment firm estimates that LOW is adequately stocked for the holiday season given that the company has been building up its inventory levels in recent quarters.
“The ongoing industry-wide supply chain issues are unlikely to pose serious threats to LOW given that its overseas exposure is small,” BofA wrote. “As a big-box retailer, LOW has more negotiating power with suppliers and transportation partners compared to smaller scale retailers in the home improvement sector.”
Veteran stock picker Jim Woods, who leads the Intelligence Report and Successful Investing newsletters, as well as the Bullseye Stock Trader advisory service, includes Lowe’s among his recommendations. Specifically, Woods recommends LOW in his Intelligence Report Income Multipliers portfolio. That stock has been a profitable pick for his subscribers since he added it.
Paul Dykewicz interviews Jim Woods, who recommends Lowe’s in Intelligence Report.
Home improvement spending is trending at solid double-digit-percentage growth levels vs. 2019, according to BAC’s aggregated credit and debit card data, consistently above BofA’s expectations. LOW, a “Buy” recommendation of BofA with a $281 price objective, recently launched a kitchen design program and completed the migration of “Lowe’s For Pros” to the cloud in second-quarter 2021, the investment firm noted.
“We believe the company will be able to leverage the enhanced omni-channel capabilities to better fulfill consumer demand this holiday season,” BofA wrote.
Walmart and Target JoinSix Retail Stocks to Buy for the Holidays
BofA’s two top picks in the discount retail sector are Walmart and Target (NYSE: TGT) due to their strong inventory positions, favorable port access, long-term container shipping agreements and chartered vessel capacity, according to BofA. Both WMT and TGT, while not immune to the current challenging supply chain and rising cost environment, are particularly well positioned relative to the broader competitive retail landscape heading into the holiday, the investment firm concluded.
Walmart and Target should gain share from smaller competitors this holiday that lack scale and face more shortages due to the challenging supply-chain environment, BofA wrote. The two big discount retailers also should see reduced labor cost pressure and shortages, after giving workers “significant wage increases” in the last year-and-a-half, BofA opined.
Both Walmart and Target continue taking share in the Food Retail sector, with Nielsen trends having shifted in favor of the two companies since March. BofA wrote that the pair should benefit from omni-channel leadership, which could be a significant advantage this holiday season if shipping cut-off dates are moved up earlier due to a challenging freight and logistics environment for pure online retailers. BofA gave both big discount retailers “Buy” recommendations, while offering price objectives of $190 to Walmart and $317 to Target.
Starbucks Stands out With Six Retail Stocks to Buy for Profiting
The top restaurant stock of BofA is Starbucks (NASDAQ: SBUX), whose high gift card sales should bring strengthened demand. That sweet outlook spurred BofA to give SBUX a “Buy” rating and a price objective of $135.
Starbucks is gaining growing demand in its stores across all geographies – even as COVID continues to limit consumer mobility, according to BofA. The company’s momentum should continue through the holiday season on the strength of demand for new and returning seasonal beverages, as well as Starbucks’ brand building and transaction-focused marketing programs, the investment firm opined.
“We believe SBUX is positioned to benefit from increased interest in gift cards as it leverages digital and out-of-store channels and creates a promotional presence in the drive-through lanes that, along with Mobile Order & Pay, account for 70% of transactions,” BofA wrote. “While Starbucks faces supply-chain pressures, it has added new manufacturing and supply partners and is seeing inventory constraints ease in key categories.”
Those key categories include plant-based milk, as suppliers build production capacity. Given accelerating topline growth and considerable “latent pricing power,” Starbucks’ price hikes have meaningfully lagged the industry’s roughly 5% climb. Starbucks has the clout to offset margin pressure from supply chain and labor, suggesting its management’s margin guidance is likely to prove conservative, BofA noted.
Amazon Joins Six Retail Stocks to Buy for Profiting Amid Holidays
The top internet retail stock is Amazon (NASDAQ: AMZN), as its accelerated investments in fulfillment and shipping should mitigate supply chain bottlenecks, according to BofA. Even though Amazon’s growth has slowed in 2021 and competitive concerns have increased as Amazon is accelerating investment in one-day shipping, the online retailer is gaining U.S. ecommerce market share, according to BAC card spending data.
For 2022, BofA projects easier y/y comparisons, increasing product availability and expected improvements in shipping times after its investments in fulfillment should spur stepped-up growth. Amazon’s cloud business also is an industry leader and, while some regulatory and conglomerate discount may be warranted, based on a sum of parts model, BofA pegs its upside potential to top $4,500. Officially, BofA rates Amazon as a “Buy” and gave it a price objective of $4,250.
Headwinds to Worsen in Back Half for Six Retail Stocks to Buy
The retail industry has faced significant supply-chain headwinds in recent quarters. Freight costs are at record levels, as much as 200%-plus beyond pre-pandemic perches, as consumer demand outstrips available fleets. In addition, port congestion is delaying delivery and Vietnam factory closures have curtailed production, BofA reported.
Expect these headwinds to worsen in the back half of the year, BofA commented. Restaurants likewise face commodity inflation, with many retailers and restaurants adjusting prices upward and limiting promotions to account for the scarcity of goods and increased freight and labor costs.
“Decreased promotional activity and more full-price sell-through should serve to offset cost increases in most cases,” BofA wrote.
BAC’s aggregated credit and debit card data showed that spending stayed positive across all income cohorts. A declining savings rate and increasing revolving credit could suggest growing consumer willingness to spend and borrow going into the holiday season. Despite robust spending, the elevated Consumer Price Index, as well as higher gas prices, could limit overall volumes this holiday season as purchasing power declines, BofA commented.
COVID-19 Will Not Play Scrouge to Six Retail Stocks to Buy
The highly transmissible Delta variant of COVID-19 has led to reduced numbers of cases and deaths in the United States recently but it remains a concern for public health experts who still urge increased vaccinations and booster shots, as well as mask wearing. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) specifically has held the variant responsible for unleashing a resurgence of cases and deaths early in the fall.
However, the variant is leading to a jump in the number of people vaccinated from COVID-19. As of Nov. 9, 224,257,467 people, or 67.5% of the U.S. population, have received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, the CDC reported. The fully vaccinated total 194,168,611 people, or 58.5%, of the U.S. population, according to the CDC.
COVID-19 deaths worldwide, as of Nov. 9, topped the 5 million mark, reaching 5,062,943, according to Johns Hopkins University. Worldwide COVID-19 cases topped 250 million, hitting 250,784,268, as of that date.
U.S. COVID-19 cases, as of Nov. 9, reached 46,686,562 and caused 757,181 deaths. America has the dreaded distinction as the nation with the most COVID-19 cases and deaths.
The six retail stocks to buy for profiting through the holiday selling season and in the new year give investors ways to gain from the yuletide spirit that should surmount the pandemic and bring glad tidings in the months ahead.
Paul Dykewicz, www.pauldykewicz.com, is an accomplished, award-winning journalist who has written for Dow Jones, the Wall Street Journal, Investor’s Business Daily, USA Today, the Journal of Commerce, Seeking Alpha, GuruFocus and other publications and websites. Paul, who can be followed on Twitter @PaulDykewicz, is the editor of StockInvestor.com and DividendInvestor.com, a writer for both websites and a columnist. He further is editorial director of Eagle Financial Publications in Washington, D.C., where he edits monthly investment newsletters, time-sensitive trading alerts, free e-letters and other investment reports. Paul previously served as business editor of Baltimore’s Daily Record newspaper. Paul also is the author of an inspirational book, “Holy Smokes! Golden Guidance from Notre Dame’s Championship Chaplain,” with a foreword by former national championship-winning football coach Lou Holtz. The book is great as a gift and is endorsed by Joe Montana, Joe Theismann, Ara Parseghian, “Rocket” Ismail, Reggie Brooks, Dick Vitale and many others. Call 202-677-4457 for multiple-book pricing.
With President Biden’s Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) plan set to extend more student loan relief to borrowers this summer, the federal government is pretending it can wave a magic wand to make debts disappear. But the truth of student debt “relief” is that they’re simply shifting the burden to everyone else, robbing Peter to pay Paul and funneling more steam into an inflation pressure cooker that’s already set to burst.
Starting July 1st, new rules go into effect that change the discretionary income requirements for their payment plans from 10% to only 5% for undergraduates, leading to lower payments for millions. Some borrowers will even have their owed balances revert to zero.
What the plan doesn’t describe, predictably, is how that burden will be shifted to the rest of the country by stealing value out of their pockets via new taxes or increased inflation, which still simmering well above levels seen in early 2020 before the Fed printed trillions in Covid “stimulus” money. They’re rewarding students who took out loans they can’t afford and punishing those who paid their way or repaid their loans, attending school while living within their means. And they’re stealing from the entire country to finance it.
Biden actually claims that a continuing Covid “emergency” is what gives him the authority to offer student loan forgiveness to begin with. As with any “temporary” measure that gives state power a pretense to grow, or gives them an excuse to collect more revenue (I’m looking at you, federal income tax), COVID-19 continues to be the gift that keeps on giving for power and revenue-hungry politicians even as the CDC reclassifies the virus as a threat similar to the seasonal flu.
The SAVE plan takes the burden of billions of dollars in owed payments away from students and adds it to a national debt that’s already ballooning to the tune of a mind-boggling trillion dollars every 3 months. If all student loan debt were forgiven, according to the Brookings Institution, it would surpass the cumulative totals for the past 20 years for multiple existing tax credits and welfare programs:
“Forgiving all student debt would be a transfer larger than the amounts the nation has spent over the past 20 years on unemployment insurance, larger than the amount it has spent on the Earned Income Tax Credit, and larger than the amount it has spent on food stamps.”
Ironically enough, adding hundreds of billions to the national debt from Biden’s program is likely to cause the most pain to the very demographics the Biden administration claims to be helping with its plan: poor people, anyone who skipped college entirely or paid their loans back, and other already overly-indebted young adults, whose purchasing power is being rapidly eroded by out-of-control government spending and central bank monetary shenanigans. It effectively transfers even more wealth from the poor to the wealthy, a trend that Covid-era measures have taken to new extremes.
As Ron Paul pointed out in a recent op-ed for the Eurasia Review:
“…these loans will be paid off in part by taxpayers who did not go to college, paid their own way through school, or have already paid off their student loans. Since those with college degrees tend to earn more over time than those without them, this program redistributes wealth from lower to higher income Americans.”
Even some progressives are taking aim at the plan, not because it shifts the debt burden to other Americans, but because it will require cutting welfare or sacrificing other expensive social programs promised by Biden such as universal pre-K. For these critics, the issue isn’t so much that spending and debt are totally out of control, but that they’re being funneled into the wrong issues.
Progressive “solutions” always seem to take the form of slogans like “tax the wealthy,” a feel-good bromide that for lawmakers always seems to translate into increased taxes for the middle and lower-upper class. Meanwhile, the .01% continue to avoid taxes through offshore accounts, money laundering trickery dressed up as philanthropy, and general de facto ownership of the system through channels like political donations and aggressive lobbying.
If new waves of college applicants expect loan forgiveness plans to continue, it also encourages schools to continue raising tuition and motivates prospective students to continue with even more irresponsible borrowing.
This puts pressure on the Fed to keep interest rates lower to help accommodate waves of new student loan applicants from sparkly-eyed young borrowers who figure they’ll never really have to pay the money back.
With the Fed already expected to cut rates this year despite inflation not being properly under control, the loan forgiveness scheme is just one of many factors conspiring to cause inflation to start running hotter again, spiraling out of control, as the entire country is forced to pay the hidden tax of price increases for all their basic needs.
It was Jan. 11, 2024 when software giant Microsoft (MSFT) briefly passed Apple (AAPL) as the most valuable company in the world.
Microsoft's stock closed 0.5% higher, giving it a market valuation of $2.859 trillion.
It rose as much as 2% during the session and the company was briefly worth $2.903 trillion. Apple closed 0.3% lower, giving the company a market capitalization of $2.886 trillion.
"It was inevitable that Microsoft would overtake Apple since Microsoft is growing faster and has more to benefit from the generative AI revolution," D.A. Davidson analyst Gil Luria said at the time, according to Reuters.
The two tech titans have jostled for top spot over the years and Microsoft was ahead at last check, with a market cap of $3.085 trillion, compared with Apple's value of $2.684 trillion.
Analysts noted that Apple had been dealing with weakening demand, including for the iPhone, the company’s main source of revenue.
Demand in China, a major market, has slumped as the country's economy makes a slow recovery from the pandemic and competition from Huawei.
Sales in China of Apple's iPhone fell by 24% in the first six weeks of 2024 compared with a year earlier, according to research firm Counterpoint, as the company contended with stiff competition from a resurgent Huawei "while getting squeezed in the middle on aggressive pricing from the likes of OPPO, vivo and Xiaomi," said senior Analyst Mengmeng Zhang.
“Although the iPhone 15 is a great device, it has no significant upgrades from the previous version, so consumers feel fine holding on to the older-generation iPhones for now," he said.
A man scrolling through Netflix on an Apple iPad Pro. Photo by Phil Barker/Future Publishing via Getty Images.
Counterpoint said that the first six weeks of 2023 saw abnormally high numbers with significant unit sales being deferred from December 2022 due to production issues.
Apple is planning to open its eighth store in Shanghai – and its 47th across China – on March 21.
The company also plans to expand its research centre in Shanghai to support all of its product lines and open a new lab in southern tech hub Shenzhen later this year, according to the South China Morning Post.
Meanwhile, over in Europe, Apple announced changes to comply with the European Union's Digital Markets Act (DMA), which went into effect last week, Reuters reported on March 12.
Beginning this spring, software developers operating in Europe will be able to distribute apps to EU customers directly from their own websites instead of through the App Store.
"To reflect the DMA’s changes, users in the EU can install apps from alternative app marketplaces in iOS 17.4 and later," Apple said on its website, referring to the software platform that runs iPhones and iPads.
"Users will be able to download an alternative marketplace app from the marketplace developer’s website," the company said.
Apple has also said it will appeal a $2 billion EU antitrust fine for thwarting competition from Spotify (SPOT) and other music streaming rivals via restrictions on the App Store.
The company's shares have suffered amid all this upheaval, but some analysts still see good things in Apple's future.
Bank of America Securities confirmed its positive stance on Apple, maintaining a buy rating with a steady price target of $225, according to Investing.com.
The firm's analysis highlighted Apple's pricing strategy evolution since the introduction of the first iPhone in 2007, with initial prices set at $499 for the 4GB model and $599 for the 8GB model.
BofA said that Apple has consistently launched new iPhone models, including the Pro/Pro Max versions, to target the premium market.
Analyst says Apple selloff 'overdone'
Concurrently, prices for previous models are typically reduced by about $100 with each new release.
This strategy, coupled with installment plans from Apple and carriers, has contributed to the iPhone's installed base reaching a record 1.2 billion in 2023, the firm said.
Apple has effectively shifted its sales mix toward higher-value units despite experiencing slower unit sales, BofA said.
This trend is expected to persist and could help mitigate potential unit sales weaknesses, particularly in China.
BofA also noted Apple's dominance in the high-end market, maintaining a market share of over 90% in the $1,000 and above price band for the past three years.
The firm also cited the anticipation of a multi-year iPhone cycle propelled by next-generation AI technology, robust services growth, and the potential for margin expansion.
On Monday, Evercore ISI analysts said they believed that the sell-off in the iPhone maker’s shares may be “overdone.”
The firm said that investors' growing preference for AI-focused stocks like Nvidia (NVDA) has led to a reallocation of funds away from Apple.
In addition, Evercore said concerns over weakening demand in China, where Apple may be losing market share in the smartphone segment, have affected investor sentiment.
And then ongoing regulatory issues continue to have an impact on investor confidence in the world's second-biggest company.
“We think the sell-off is rather overdone, while we suspect there is strong valuation support at current levels to down 10%, there are three distinct drivers that could unlock upside on the stock from here – a) Cap allocation, b) AI inferencing, and c) Risk-off/defensive shift," the firm said in a research note.
Major typhoid fever surveillance study in sub-Saharan Africa indicates need for the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines in endemic countries
There is a high burden of typhoid fever in sub-Saharan African countries, according to a new study published today in The Lancet Global Health. This high…
There is a high burden of typhoid fever in sub-Saharan African countries, according to a new study published today in The Lancet Global Health. This high burden combined with the threat of typhoid strains resistant to antibiotic treatment calls for stronger prevention strategies, including the use and implementation of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) in endemic settings along with improvements in access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene.
Credit: IVI
There is a high burden of typhoid fever in sub-Saharan African countries, according to a new study published today in The Lancet Global Health. This high burden combined with the threat of typhoid strains resistant to antibiotic treatment calls for stronger prevention strategies, including the use and implementation of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) in endemic settings along with improvements in access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene.
The findings from this 4-year study, the Severe Typhoid in Africa (SETA) program, offers new typhoid fever burden estimates from six countries: Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria, with four countries recording more than 100 cases for every 100,000 person-years of observation, which is considered a high burden. The highest incidence of typhoid was found in DRC with 315 cases per 100,000 people while children between 2-14 years of age were shown to be at highest risk across all 25 study sites.
There are an estimated 12.5 to 16.3 million cases of typhoid every year with 140,000 deaths. However, with generic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and abdominal pain, and the need for blood culture sampling to make a definitive diagnosis, it is difficult for governments to capture the true burden of typhoid in their countries.
“Our goal through SETA was to address these gaps in typhoid disease burden data,” said lead author Dr. Florian Marks, Deputy Director General of the International Vaccine Institute (IVI). “Our estimates indicate that introduction of TCV in endemic settings would go to lengths in protecting communities, especially school-aged children, against this potentially deadly—but preventable—disease.”
In addition to disease incidence, this study also showed that the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella Typhi, the bacteria that causes typhoid fever, has led to more reliance beyond the traditional first line of antibiotic treatment. If left untreated, severe cases of the disease can lead to intestinal perforation and even death. This suggests that prevention through vaccination may play a critical role in not only protecting against typhoid fever but reducing the spread of drug-resistant strains of the bacteria.
There are two TCVs prequalified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and available through Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. In February 2024, IVI and SK bioscience announced that a third TCV, SKYTyphoid™, also achieved WHO PQ, paving the way for public procurement and increasing the global supply.
Alongside the SETA disease burden study, IVI has been working with colleagues in three African countries to show the real-world impact of TCV vaccination. These studies include a cluster-randomized trial in Agogo, Ghana and two effectiveness studies following mass vaccination in Kisantu, DRC and Imerintsiatosika, Madagascar.
Dr. Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse, Associate Director General at IVI and Head of the Real-World Evidence Department, explains, “Through these vaccine effectiveness studies, we aim to show the full public health value of TCV in settings that are directly impacted by a high burden of typhoid fever.” He adds, “Our final objective of course is to eliminate typhoid or to at least reduce the burden to low incidence levels, and that’s what we are attempting in Fiji with an island-wide vaccination campaign.”
As more countries in typhoid endemic countries, namely in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, consider TCV in national immunization programs, these data will help inform evidence-based policy decisions around typhoid prevention and control.
###
About the International Vaccine Institute (IVI)
The International Vaccine Institute (IVI) is a non-profit international organization established in 1997 at the initiative of the United Nations Development Programme with a mission to discover, develop, and deliver safe, effective, and affordable vaccines for global health.
IVI’s current portfolio includes vaccines at all stages of pre-clinical and clinical development for infectious diseases that disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries, such as cholera, typhoid, chikungunya, shigella, salmonella, schistosomiasis, hepatitis E, HPV, COVID-19, and more. IVI developed the world’s first low-cost oral cholera vaccine, pre-qualified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and developed a new-generation typhoid conjugate vaccine that is recently pre-qualified by WHO.
IVI is headquartered in Seoul, Republic of Korea with a Europe Regional Office in Sweden, a Country Office in Austria, and Collaborating Centers in Ghana, Ethiopia, and Madagascar. 39 countries and the WHO are members of IVI, and the governments of the Republic of Korea, Sweden, India, Finland, and Thailand provide state funding. For more information, please visit https://www.ivi.int.
Incidence of typhoid fever in Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria (the Severe Typhoid in Africa programme): a population-based study
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