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Nonfungible Tokens Could Change the Way We Own Things

Nonfungible Tokens Could Change the Way We Own Things

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With the ongoing digitalization of the world, NFTs may become a very viable solution for tokenizing ownership and property.

Blockchain technology is widely associated with the exchange of interchangeable digital assets, from payment systems like Zcash (ZEC) and Libra to platforms like Ethereum and Substrate, using what are known as fungible tokens. An item that is fungible is interchangeable with another identical item. Your dollar bill and my dollar bill, your Bitcoin (BTC) and my Bitcoin, are all worth the same amount.

However, nonfungible tokens are not worth the same as any other token or currency, even one that may seem similar. While this characteristic may appear impractical — especially considering the trading utility of tokens — it is a very desirable feature if the goal is to protect the value of an asset. For this reason, nonfungible tokens have been revolutionizing the ownership of tokenized art and intellectual property.

The low-down on fungible and nonfungible tokens

To fully understand the difference between fungible and nonfungible tokens and the role each type of token plays in the blockchain ecosystem, you must first understand fungibility and nonfungibility.

Fungible tokens are by far the most popular tokens currently on blockchains — think Bitcoin or Litecoin (LTC). While these tokens often have to adjust for fluctuations in price, they are most often able to be exchanged for other fungible tokens at the same price they were purchased at. Not only does this make fungible tokens more convenient for trading but it also enables the high levels of liquidity enjoyed across the cryptocurrency markets.

Nonfungible tokens are a different beast. Though they can be bought and sold using fungible tokens, they are their own asset class. Identifying information is embedded in their smart contracts, which is what makes each nonfungible token completely unique. This uniqueness makes nonfungible tokens unsuitable for most stereotypical crypto trading purposes but ideal for recording and storing the ownership of digital items like collectibles, games and even art. 

Digital representations of analog items

While NFTs are digital assets, there have been interesting moves to tie them to physical, real-world objects. Unisocks, for example, allows you to purchase a $SOCKS token (fungible) that you can then redeem for a pair of real socks and an NFT representing ownership of that pair of socks. Saint Fame has a similar setup with its $FAME and $ICK tokens, which you can redeem for a physical shirt and mask, respectively. And, 12 real-world prints of the CryptoPunks characters were made and put in a Zurich art gallery, with sealed envelopes on the back containing a paper wallet.

If those all seem niche, consider that traditional auction houses like Sotheby’s and Christie’s, who control up to 80% of the secondary art market, have begun investigating blockchain-based solutions. Sotheby’s has said it plans to leverage blockchain technology for preserving ownership of artwork, though it’s less bullish on cryptocurrency, saying it has no plans to accept it. In 2018, Christie’s used blockchain registrar Artory — founded by a former Sotheby’s employee — to enable and record the sale of a private art collection, which sold for $323 million. 

The interesting thing is blockchain-based art could eliminate the need for these corporations. Given that the origin and history of ownership can be verified publicly on-chain, only someone holding the private keys can actually transfer the art. Moreover, like many of these projects, a real-world and digital solution will have to coexist for some time.

Related: Art and Blockchain: Revolution in Art Collecting

A new landscape for intellectual property

What NFTs have most successfully accomplished is proving the range of things that can be tokenized. A picture, a sound, a fraction of a video, or even a game piece can all be turned into a tokenized asset, opening the doors for intellectual property to be revolutionized in the burgeoning digital age.

Existing models around art creation, ownership and resale rarely benefit the artist. Imagine you create and sell a painting for $900, only to have the buyer resell it 15 years later for $85,000, with none of that profit going to you — the creator. 

This is exactly what happened to painter and graphic artist Robert Rauschenberg. He was from the United States where no federal resale royalty rights exist, but even in the few states and countries where they do, the sale still has to meet certain criteria for you to be eligible. Imagine, instead, you tokenize your art and attach a smart contract that enforces a certain percentage of every sale be sent to the original address. This allows for infinitely paying royalties with no restrictions on your country of residence, size of the sale, or how old you are when it’s sold. This setup could be a game-changer for artists who often only see returns on the original sale. 

More than just profit

The crypto space is known for speculators, people looking to get rich quick versus being invested in contributing to building a lasting ecosystem. That can’t be said of many projects in the NFT space, which are specifically built with a long-term vision in mind. OpenLaw has helped to create an end-to-end real estate transaction using NFTs to represent ownership of property, something that could get rid of the expensive, and lengthy, title verification process in places like the U.S. 

0xcert’s Evidenspace product allows for the issuance (and verification) of NFT-based academic credentials — a hopeful solution for forged credentials. This is a big deal since research has shown more than half the people who claim to have Ph.D.s are likely lying. And GenoBank’s current goal is to allow people to fully own their DNA (you often lose these rights when you send your data to companies like 23andMe that can, and do, sell your data to drugmakers), meaning you could sell or donate it as you wished for product development and scientific research. 

NFTs are the future of ownership

As NFTs have been gaining popularity in the crypto and broader tech industries, they have started to attract investors and spawned projects in other spaces like retail, sports and even politics. In the past year alone, Nike filed a patent for tokenizing shoes on Ethereum; Formula 1 held an auction for Formula 1 car-branded NFTs; and Brooklyn Nets NBA player Spencer Diwiddie attempted to tokenize his contract to allow fans to participate in his success, though the NBA prevented him from doing so. The ongoing coronavirus pandemic has continued the discussion around whether blockchain technology could be used for secure, virtual voting in the U.S., a move that could lead to NFTs making their way into the political sphere.

With the world becoming more and more digital, NFTs present a very viable solution for tokenizing ownership and property. These tokens allow for real-world assets to be properly digitized and stored while simultaneously keeping them secure, ultimately revolutionizing the compensation, storage, legality and the security of property.

The views, thoughts and opinions expressed here are the author’s alone and do not necessarily reflect or represent the views and opinions of Cointelegraph.

Trinity Montoya is a protocol engineer at Bison Trails — a leading blockchain infrastructure provider. A software engineer for seven years, she’s worked exclusively at early-stage startups in New York City and Boston. A New York City native, she’s currently in Colorado with her monster dog, Zapp.

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Key shipping company files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy

The Illinois-based general freight trucking company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy to reorganize.

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The U.S. trucking industry has had a difficult beginning of the year for 2024 with several logistics companies filing for bankruptcy to seek either a Chapter 7 liquidation or Chapter 11 reorganization.

The Covid-19 pandemic caused a lot of supply chain issues for logistics companies and also created a shortage of truck drivers as many left the business for other occupations. Shipping companies, in the meantime, have had extreme difficulty recruiting new drivers for thousands of unfilled jobs.

Related: Tesla rival’s filing reveals Chapter 11 bankruptcy is possible

Freight forwarder company Boateng Logistics joined a growing list of shipping companies that permanently shuttered their businesses as the firm on Feb. 22 filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy with plans to liquidate.

The Carlsbad, Calif., logistics company filed its petition in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of California listing assets up to $50,000 and and $1 million to $10 million in liabilities. Court papers said it owed millions of dollars in liabilities to trucking, logistics and factoring companies. The company filed bankruptcy before any creditors could take legal action.

Lawsuits force companies to liquidate in bankruptcy

Lawsuits, however, can force companies to file bankruptcy, which was the case for J.J. & Sons Logistics of Clint, Texas, which on Jan. 22 filed for Chapter 7 liquidation in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Texas. The company filed bankruptcy four days before the scheduled start of a trial for a wrongful death lawsuit filed by the family of a former company truck driver who had died from drowning in 2016.

California-based logistics company Wise Choice Trans Corp. shut down operations and filed for Chapter 7 liquidation on Jan. 4 in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California, listing $1 million to $10 million in assets and liabilities.

The Hayward, Calif., third-party logistics company, founded in 2009, provided final mile, less-than-truckload and full truckload services, as well as warehouse and fulfillment services in the San Francisco Bay Area.

The Chapter 7 filing also implemented an automatic stay against all legal proceedings, as the company listed its involvement in four legal actions that were ongoing or concluded. Court papers reportedly did not list amounts for damages.

In some cases, debtors don't have to take a drastic action, such as a liquidation, and can instead file a Chapter 11 reorganization.

Truck shipping products.

Shutterstock

Nationwide Cargo seeks to reorganize its business

Nationwide Cargo Inc., a general freight trucking company that also hauls fresh produce and meat, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois with plans to reorganize its business.

The East Dundee, Ill., shipping company listed $1 million to $10 million in assets and $10 million to $50 million in liabilities in its petition and said funds will not be available to pay unsecured creditors. The company operates with 183 trucks and 171 drivers, FreightWaves reported.

Nationwide Cargo's three largest secured creditors in the petition were Equify Financial LLC (owed about $3.5 million,) Commercial Credit Group (owed about $1.8 million) and Continental Bank NA (owed about $676,000.)

The shipping company reported gross revenue of about $34 million in 2022 and about $40 million in 2023.  From Jan. 1 until its petition date, the company generated $9.3 million in gross revenue.

Related: Veteran fund manager picks favorite stocks for 2024

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Key shipping company files Chapter 11 bankruptcy

The Illinois-based general freight trucking company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy to reorganize.

Published

on

The U.S. trucking industry has had a difficult beginning of the year for 2024 with several logistics companies filing for bankruptcy to seek either a Chapter 7 liquidation or Chapter 11 reorganization.

The Covid-19 pandemic caused a lot of supply chain issues for logistics companies and also created a shortage of truck drivers as many left the business for other occupations. Shipping companies, in the meantime, have had extreme difficulty recruiting new drivers for thousands of unfilled jobs.

Related: Tesla rival’s filing reveals Chapter 11 bankruptcy is possible

Freight forwarder company Boateng Logistics joined a growing list of shipping companies that permanently shuttered their businesses as the firm on Feb. 22 filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy with plans to liquidate.

The Carlsbad, Calif., logistics company filed its petition in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of California listing assets up to $50,000 and and $1 million to $10 million in liabilities. Court papers said it owed millions of dollars in liabilities to trucking, logistics and factoring companies. The company filed bankruptcy before any creditors could take legal action.

Lawsuits force companies to liquidate in bankruptcy

Lawsuits, however, can force companies to file bankruptcy, which was the case for J.J. & Sons Logistics of Clint, Texas, which on Jan. 22 filed for Chapter 7 liquidation in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Texas. The company filed bankruptcy four days before the scheduled start of a trial for a wrongful death lawsuit filed by the family of a former company truck driver who had died from drowning in 2016.

California-based logistics company Wise Choice Trans Corp. shut down operations and filed for Chapter 7 liquidation on Jan. 4 in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California, listing $1 million to $10 million in assets and liabilities.

The Hayward, Calif., third-party logistics company, founded in 2009, provided final mile, less-than-truckload and full truckload services, as well as warehouse and fulfillment services in the San Francisco Bay Area.

The Chapter 7 filing also implemented an automatic stay against all legal proceedings, as the company listed its involvement in four legal actions that were ongoing or concluded. Court papers reportedly did not list amounts for damages.

In some cases, debtors don't have to take a drastic action, such as a liquidation, and can instead file a Chapter 11 reorganization.

Truck shipping products.

Shutterstock

Nationwide Cargo seeks to reorganize its business

Nationwide Cargo Inc., a general freight trucking company that also hauls fresh produce and meat, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois with plans to reorganize its business.

The East Dundee, Ill., shipping company listed $1 million to $10 million in assets and $10 million to $50 million in liabilities in its petition and said funds will not be available to pay unsecured creditors. The company operates with 183 trucks and 171 drivers, FreightWaves reported.

Nationwide Cargo's three largest secured creditors in the petition were Equify Financial LLC (owed about $3.5 million,) Commercial Credit Group (owed about $1.8 million) and Continental Bank NA (owed about $676,000.)

The shipping company reported gross revenue of about $34 million in 2022 and about $40 million in 2023.  From Jan. 1 until its petition date, the company generated $9.3 million in gross revenue.

Related: Veteran fund manager picks favorite stocks for 2024

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Tight inventory and frustrated buyers challenge agents in Virginia

With inventory a little more than half of what it was pre-pandemic, agents are struggling to find homes for clients in Virginia.

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No matter where you are in the state, real estate agents in Virginia are facing low inventory conditions that are creating frustrating scenarios for their buyers.

“I think people are getting used to the interest rates where they are now, but there is just a huge lack of inventory,” said Chelsea Newcomb, a RE/MAX Realty Specialists agent based in Charlottesville. “I have buyers that are looking, but to find a house that you love enough to pay a high price for — and to be at over a 6.5% interest rate — it’s just a little bit harder to find something.”

Newcomb said that interest rates and higher prices, which have risen by more than $100,000 since March 2020, according to data from Altos Research, have caused her clients to be pickier when selecting a home.

“When rates and prices were lower, people were more willing to compromise,” Newcomb said.

Out in Wise, Virginia, near the westernmost tip of the state, RE/MAX Cavaliers agent Brett Tiller and his clients are also struggling to find suitable properties.

“The thing that really stands out, especially compared to two years ago, is the lack of quality listings,” Tiller said. “The slightly more upscale single-family listings for move-up buyers with children looking for their forever home just aren’t coming on the market right now, and demand is still very high.”

Statewide, Virginia had a 90-day average of 8,068 active single-family listings as of March 8, 2024, down from 14,471 single-family listings in early March 2020 at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to Altos Research. That represents a decrease of 44%.

Virginia-Inventory-Line-Chart-Virginia-90-day-Single-Family

In Newcomb’s base metro area of Charlottesville, there were an average of only 277 active single-family listings during the same recent 90-day period, compared to 892 at the onset of the pandemic. In Wise County, there were only 56 listings.

Due to the demand from move-up buyers in Tiller’s area, the average days on market for homes with a median price of roughly $190,000 was just 17 days as of early March 2024.

“For the right home, which is rare to find right now, we are still seeing multiple offers,” Tiller said. “The demand is the same right now as it was during the heart of the pandemic.”

According to Tiller, the tight inventory has caused homebuyers to spend up to six months searching for their new property, roughly double the time it took prior to the pandemic.

For Matt Salway in the Virginia Beach metro area, the tight inventory conditions are creating a rather hot market.

“Depending on where you are in the area, your listing could have 15 offers in two days,” the agent for Iron Valley Real Estate Hampton Roads | Virginia Beach said. “It has been crazy competition for most of Virginia Beach, and Norfolk is pretty hot too, especially for anything under $400,000.”

According to Altos Research, the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News housing market had a seven-day average Market Action Index score of 52.44 as of March 14, making it the seventh hottest housing market in the country. Altos considers any Market Action Index score above 30 to be indicative of a seller’s market.

Virginia-Beach-Metro-Area-Market-Action-Index-Line-Chart-Virginia-Beach-Norfolk-Newport-News-VA-NC-90-day-Single-Family

Further up the coastline on the vacation destination of Chincoteague Island, Long & Foster agent Meghan O. Clarkson is also seeing a decent amount of competition despite higher prices and interest rates.

“People are taking their time to actually come see things now instead of buying site unseen, and occasionally we see some seller concessions, but the traffic and the demand is still there; you might just work a little longer with people because we don’t have anything for sale,” Clarkson said.

“I’m busy and constantly have appointments, but the underlying frenzy from the height of the pandemic has gone away, but I think it is because we have just gotten used to it.”

While much of the demand that Clarkson’s market faces is for vacation homes and from retirees looking for a scenic spot to retire, a large portion of the demand in Salway’s market comes from military personnel and civilians working under government contracts.

“We have over a dozen military bases here, plus a bunch of shipyards, so the closer you get to all of those bases, the easier it is to sell a home and the faster the sale happens,” Salway said.

Due to this, Salway said that existing-home inventory typically does not come on the market unless an employment contract ends or the owner is reassigned to a different base, which is currently contributing to the tight inventory situation in his market.

Things are a bit different for Tiller and Newcomb, who are seeing a decent number of buyers from other, more expensive parts of the state.

“One of the crazy things about Louisa and Goochland, which are kind of like suburbs on the western side of Richmond, is that they are growing like crazy,” Newcomb said. “A lot of people are coming in from Northern Virginia because they can work remotely now.”

With a Market Action Index score of 50, it is easy to see why people are leaving the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria market for the Charlottesville market, which has an index score of 41.

In addition, the 90-day average median list price in Charlottesville is $585,000 compared to $729,900 in the D.C. area, which Newcomb said is also luring many Virginia homebuyers to move further south.

Median-Price-D.C.-vs.-Charlottesville-Line-Chart-90-day-Single-Family

“They are very accustomed to higher prices, so they are super impressed with the prices we offer here in the central Virginia area,” Newcomb said.

For local buyers, Newcomb said this means they are frequently being outbid or outpriced.

“A couple who is local to the area and has been here their whole life, they are just now starting to get their mind wrapped around the fact that you can’t get a house for $200,000 anymore,” Newcomb said.

As the year heads closer to spring, triggering the start of the prime homebuying season, agents in Virginia feel optimistic about the market.

“We are seeing seasonal trends like we did up through 2019,” Clarkson said. “The market kind of soft launched around President’s Day and it is still building, but I expect it to pick right back up and be in full swing by Easter like it always used to.”

But while they are confident in demand, questions still remain about whether there will be enough inventory to support even more homebuyers entering the market.

“I have a lot of buyers starting to come off the sidelines, but in my office, I also have a lot of people who are going to list their house in the next two to three weeks now that the weather is starting to break,” Newcomb said. “I think we are going to have a good spring and summer.”

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