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30+ key statistics, facts and forecasts on China’s economy in 2023

China is among the world’s leading economies, with the country’s gross domestic product second only to that of the United States as of 2023. The country…

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China is among the world’s leading economies, with the country’s gross domestic product second only to that of the United States as of 2023. The country of over 1.41 billion people has a bigger economy than the European Union and holds more foreign exchange reserves than any other country.

After opening up its economy following the 1978 economic reforms, China saw unprecedented growth across key sectors, including services, manufacturing and agriculture. In fact, China is a global leader in the exports and imports market.

These and more are some of the most interesting facts and statistics about the Chinese economy. In this article, we highlight the top 30+ stats.

China economy statistics – Editor’s Pick

  • GDP stood at over 120 trillion yuan (roughly $17.4 trillion) in 2022, the second-largest in the world.
  • The Centre for Economics and Business Research projects China’s economy will surpass that of the United States by 2028.
  • China has the largest foreign-exchange reserves in the world, worth over 21.4 trillion yuan or $3.1 trillion as of January 2023.
  • Agriculture contributed to 7.9% of the GDP in 2022, the third-largest sector behind services and industry with 51% and 40% respectively.
  • Investment accounts for 42% of and consumption 39% of China’s GDP.
  • China’s Consumer Price Index (CPI) is forecast to average 2.5% in 2023.

China economy- an overview

1. China is the world’s second largest economy by nominal GDP

The Chinese economy is the world’s second largest by nominal GDP. 2022 estimates have the country’s GDP at over 120 trillion yuan ($17.4 trillion). This is an increase of over 5 trillion yuan on the 2021 GDP – despite China’s economy facing multiple snags in 2022 amid the global slowdown and a domestic COVID-19 situation. China’s GDP in 2021 was approximately 115 trillion Chinese yuan, or about $16.8 trillion.

2. China is the world’s largest economy by Purchasing Power Parity with $30.07 trillion

China’s economy is the world’s largest in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). As of 2022, the country’s GDP (PPP) was $30.07 trillion, up from $27.3 trillion in 2021. In comparison, the United States’ PPP stood at $25.04 trillion in 2022. China has been the world’s largest economy by PPP since 2016.

3. China overtook the European Union as the world’s second largest economy in 2021

China recently surpassed the European Union in terms of the size of its economy. 

4. With a GDP per capita of $12,970 in 2022, China ranked 69th globally

The gross domestic product for China in 2022 was $12,970 – which leaves the country in the upper-middle income category according to the revised World Bank figures for 2023. China ranks 69th as per a global ranking of GDP per capita. The country’s GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (2022) was $21,291.

5.       Services accounts for more than 51% of China’s GDP by sector

More than half of China’s output in 2022 came from the services, with data showing the sector contributed to over 51% of the GDP.

6.   Industry accounts for 40% of GDP, but is shrinking amid China’s push for a consumer-spending economy

The industry sector (manufacturing, mining and construction) accounted for over 40%.However, despite being the second-largest by percentage share, the sector has seen its slice of GDP decline from nearly 46% in the past decade as China increasingly looks to boost domestic consumer spending.

7.   Agriculture represents 7.9% of GDP, the third-largest sector

Although not as huge as services and industry, agriculture accounts for the third-largest share of China’s gross domestic output. In 2022, the sector represented 7.9% of GDP with the country a leading producer of corn, rice, wheat, and soy among other agricultural goods.

8.       Household consumption and investment accounts for over 80% of China’s GDP

The Chinese economy had 39% in household consumption and over 42% in investment in fixed capital. Together, the components represented more than 80% of GDP, with exports, imports and government expenditure at 20%, 18% and 14% respectively as of 2022.

9. China’s imports market is worth 17.94 trillion yuan, or $2.6 trillion

According to the latest economic data on global imports, China’s imports market was worth over 17.94 trillion yuan. That’s approximately $2.6 trillion.

10.  Manufacturers account for nearly three quarters of China’s exports

China’s export market was worth $3.4 trillion in 2022, with manufacturers accounting for the biggest market share with nearly 75%. The fuels and mining industry and agricultural products represented the second and third largest share of exports.

11.  The United States is China’s largest export partner

As of 2022, both the European Union and the United States had seen a reduction in the value of exports from China. However, despite the not-so rosy trade relationship amid the Russia-Ukraine war, the US remained the largest export market for Chinese goods, with over 16% of the market. Russia saw a jump in Chinese exports into the country at nearly 3% in 2022.

12.  The European Union and ASEAN are China’s main imports partners in a $2.6 trillion market

China’s main import partners as of 2022 were the European Union and ASEAN countries, both accounting for over 12% of imports. South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and the United States rank as the largest single import partners for China’s $2.6 trillion import market.

Chinese economy- government revenue and expenditure

13.   China’s fiscal revenue declined 6.6% in first 9 months of 2022

China’s fiscal revenue during the first nine months of 2022 was 15.3 trillion (approximately $2.13 trillion), which was 6.6% down on collections in the corresponding period a year earlier. At the same time, fiscal spending jumped 6.2% to about 19 trillion yuan ($2.75 trillion).

14.   Budget balance in China projected to increase 1.8% between 2022 and 2027

China will see its budget balance/GDP growth at -7.17% in 2023 and continue the trajectory with -7.08% in 2027. Overall, China’s budget balance is projected to increase 1.8% by 2027.

15.   China’s national deficit ballooned to nearly $1 trillion in 2022

The Chinese government’s expenditure rose sharply in the first 10 months of 2022, growing to nearly a record $1 trillion. Data showed expenditure exceeded national revenue by 7.16 trillion yuan ($980 billion). The Covid-19 outbreaks and a slump in the housing market contributed to the shrinking government income.

16.   China has the largest foreign-exchange reserves in the world, worth over 21.4 trillion yuan or $3.1 trillion

According to official Foreign Exchange data from China, the total foreign reserves were over $3.1 trillion as of November 2022. The statistic means China continues to have the world’s largest foreign-exchange reserves, ahead of Japan and Switzerland.

17.   Foreign reserves in China makes up 7.8% of GDP

The foreign exchange reserves as a percentage of China’s GDP was reported at 7.8% as of December 2022, down from 8.1% in November.

18.   China has the sixth-largest gold reserves in the world

China’s Gold reserves were estimated at 1948.31 tonnes by the end of 2022. According to the latest global figures, China is fourth on the list of countries with the most gold reserves behind the United States, Germany, Italy, France, and Russia.

19. Public debt amounted to 78% of GDP as of 2022

The public debt in China saw a negative increase in 2022, amounting to 78% of GDP. According to Statista, the Chinese government’s debt to GDP ratio will likely rise 83% by 2027 – from 90.3 trillion yuan ($13.1 trillion) to 166.3 trillion yuan ($24.1 trillion).

China: economic growth and forecasts for 2023 and beyond

20. In September 2022, the World Bank expected China’s economic growth to lag that of Asia for the first time in 30 years

The World Bank’s forecast of China’s GDP growth in 2022 of 2.8% was below that of 5.3% for the broader East Asia region. The last time China’s GDP growth was below that of its neighbours was in 1990.

21.  China’s GDP growth rate is forecast at 4.3% in 2023

Economic growth slowed sharply in 2022 to 2.8% from 8.1% in 2021. However, with China’s economy set to benefit from a shift in COVID-19 policies, experts see the economy recovering to 4.3% in 2023. A further 4.1% annual growth rate is expected in 2024.

22.   China forecast to become the world’s largest economy in nominal GDP by 2028

China is projected to overtake the US and become the world’s largest economy by 2028. According to the Centre for Economics and Business Research, the bounce from the pandemic hit puts China on the path to overtaking the US in terms of GDP five years earlier than previously forecast.

23.   PwC forecast’s China’s GDP growth will outperform the global average in 2023

Already an economic powerhouse, China’s GDP is set to outperform the global growth rate in 2023, according to a recent forecast by PwC China. The OECD expects the global GDP will increase by around 2.2% in 2023, compared to 3.1% in 2022. In comparison, the World Bank forecasts the country’s GDP could grow by more than 4.3% in 2023.

24.   China’s share of global GDP at PPP forecast to be 20% of global economy by 2027

China’s percentage share of the global gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to increase marginally over the next five years. According to estimates by Statista, China’s GDP when adjusted for PPP will increase from 18.79% in 2022 to 19.92% in 2027. PwC’s projections see China at this milestone in 2050.

Inflation in China

25.  The consumer price inflation is forecast to average 2.5% in 2023

According to estimates by a panel of economists at the Asian Development Bank, China’s consumer price inflation is set to average roughly 2.4% in 2023. The forecast for 2024 is 2.2%.

26.  China’s Producer Price Inflation will average 0.5% in 2023

It is estimated that China’s Producer Price Index (PPI) growth rate will average around 0.5% in 2023. As per the latest forecast for the inflation measure, PPI will average 1.3% in 2024.

27.  A crisis in China’s property market saw almost 33% of all property loans deemed bad debt

Data from the Chinese housing sector showed that the recent crisis pushed home prices across 70 cities down 1.3% in August 2022. The decline impacted property loans, with nearly a third of these classified as bad debt.

28.   China’s central bank kept the prime rate at 3.65% over the last four months of 2022

China’s central bank has held the country’s benchmark prime rate (1-year loan) at 3.65% since august 2022. The bank also expects the consumer prices to remain moderate throughout 2023.

29.  The core CPI has averaged 1.4% from 2006 to 2022

In China, core CPI – which excludes prices of food and energy – has averaged about 1.4% since 2006. The core CPI grew a record 2.8% year on year in 2022 and saw an all-time low of -1.6% in 2009.

30.   China’s CPI rose in 2.8% in September 2022, the fastest pace since April 2020

China’s consumer prices increased the most in two years in September 2022, with CPI rolling to 2.8% year-on-year. This was the fastest pace for consumer prices since April 2020 when the metric rose 3.3%. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the inflation pace was due partly to rising pork prices.

31.   Inflation rate in China expected to average 2% from 2025-2027

While the average inflation rate in China is projected to increase 2.5% in 2023, Statista outlines a possible 2% inflation rate between 2025 and 2027.

32.   Unemployment rate in China is expected to drop to 3.6% by 2027, with 4.1% in 2023 and 3.9% in 2024

The rate of unemployment in China’s urban areas is estimated at 4.2% in 2022. According to latest statistical estimates, the registered unemployment rate will reach 4.1% in 2023, and 3.9% in 2024. Urban unemployment will be at 3.6% by 2027.

China economic outlook – Conclusion

Chinese authorities have signalled a gradual relaxation of the zero-COVID policy as they look to re-open the economy. The measures outlined towards the end of 2022 are likely to boost China’s economic outlook in 2023, with growth projections for GDP.

Going into 2023, the economic outlook for China is therefore largely positive amid a supportive monetary policy from the central bank.

The post 30+ key statistics, facts and forecasts on China’s economy in 2023 appeared first on Invezz.

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Economic Death Spiral

Economic Death Spiral

Authored by Robert Stark via Substack,

Fed Trap: Financial Collapse or Hyper Inflation?

With this banking crisis,…

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Economic Death Spiral

Authored by Robert Stark via Substack,

Fed Trap: Financial Collapse or Hyper Inflation?

With this banking crisis, which has serious Lehman vibes, it is a good time to revisit my article, Is This The End of The End of History, from March of last year. The article dealt with the theme of collapse vs stagnation, and historical cycles, in light of the Ukraine war, the post-pandemic climate, the onset of inflation, and speculation about economic collapse. A point of mine, that has especially been vindicated, is that “a delay in the Fed raising interest rates, could cause a short term rally in stocks, further expanding the bubble. The bigger the bubble, the worse inflation gets, and the longer the Fed keeps delaying raising rates, the worse the crash will be down the road.” For the most part, most of my geopolitical and economic forecasts have come true, though I actually predicted an economic collapse to occur sooner, which actually vindicates that point, that kicking the can down the road will just create a much worse crisis.

Despite countless signs of economic volatility, the recent bank failures, with shockwaves to the entire financial system, are a turning point, where it is clear that there is going to be a severe economic downturn. For instance, Elon Musk recently said, lot of current year similarities to 1929, and Moody’s cut the outlook on the entire U.S. banking system to negative from stable, citing a "rapidly deteriorating operating environment." Even the perma bulls, mainstream media, and financial “experts,” can no longer deny the obvious signs of economic peril. However, the bullish propaganda was still strong as recently as January, which was really the bulls’ last gasp, with the monkey rally, in response to the Fed only raising interest rates by .25 points, plus economic data showing record low unemployment plus a dip in inflation.

It is important to emphasize that the same figures in media, banking, and government, who were recently shilling a soft landing or mild recession, were previously saying that inflation is transitory. It is especially laughable to think that there are people who take someone like CNBC’s, Jim Cramer, seriously, who in 2008 told his audience don’t be silly on Bear Stearns, right before it crashed, and more recently shilled for Silicon Valley Bank, and is still predicting a soft landing. A lot of the recent propaganda is practically identical to right before the 08 crash, as well as during stagflation in the 70s, and even before the Great Depression, as the media has vested economic and political interests in propping up the markets. The financial YouTuber, Maverick of Wall Street, brilliantly uses this “self-love” gif of  Jack Nicholson, from the film, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, as a metaphor for whenever perma-bulls see any data that may signify a Fed pivot, causing stocks to rally. As the desperation really kicks in, expect further talk of a soft landing, as well as more rallies in stocks, as we saw in response to the bailouts, as well as desperate investors switching back and forth between the NASDAQ and S&P500, which happened in 08. So any return to bullish sentiment is actually a sign of greater economic catastrophe. The stock market rallying over bad economy news, as a sign of a potential pivot, just further shows that the markets are not a good metric for the health of the economy. Not to mention that the top 1% own over half of all stocks.

It has always been the case with bubbles, that the greater the size of the bubble, the more copes to deny reality, and the more vested interests there are in preventing the inevitable crash. Certainly many corporations and banks have made economic decisions based upon an assumption of a soft landing or Fed pivot. This also explains the gaslighting to justify that the 2010s economic boom, especially in tech, was based upon productivity and innovation, when it was primary due to Fed monetary policy, plus data mining in the case of Big Tech. While it is silly for conservatives to blame wokeness as the primary culprit of bank failures, wokeness and bullshit DEI jobs, are a symptom of the corruption that Fed policy enabled. 

Fed Balance Sheet: Return to QE

Source

The current banking crisis is triggering more stock buybacks, and a return to Quantitative Easing with the bank bailouts, including plans to inject another $2 Trillion into the banking system, on top of the $300 billion increase in the Fed’s Balance Sheet, in just the last week. This seems counter intuitive, as QE caused inflation, but the economy is so addicted to the “Cocaine,” that is  cheap money. So basically quantitative tightening is being implemented and interest rates raised  to stop inflation, but as soon as the first major economic disruption of raising rates is felt, then a return to financial policies to further prop up the bubble, causing more inflation. Now the Fed is trapped with two bad options, raise rates or pivot, both of which will lead to inevitable economic doom.

Populists can talk about nationalizing the banks into public debt free banking, and Austrian School libertarians can call for ending the Fed, and returning to a gold standard. While it is true that the Federal Reserve is a corrupt system, that is quasi private in how private banks own shares, the reality is that we are stuck with this system of relying upon the Fed’s interest rates, for the incoming economic crisis. If the Fed continues raising rates, there will be a liquidity crisis, with more bank failures. While interest rates were close to zero, banks used uninsured deposits to both invest in securities and purchase bonds, and thanks to fractional reserve banking, banks are only required to hold a fraction of deposits. So when rates rose, bonds fell in value and unrealized losses surged, so the banks were not able to pay off their depositors.

source  

Regional banks make up about half of all US banking, so any contagion in the banking system, as people and businesses move their deposits to mega banks, deemed “too big to fail,” could trigger a Depression. One of the main reasons that the economy has not crashed sooner is because more people have been tapping into their savings and maxing out their credit cards. However, high interest rates will cause many people to default on their credit card debt, which will exacerbate the banking crisis. Not to mention Auto loans defaults wiping out credit unions, and the potential for another mortgage crisis, due to rising mortgage rates. There is a ripple effect, as far as rising interest rates being felt by debt holders, and now is just the tip of the iceberg. This could end up being a multifaceted debt crisis, in banking, corporate debt, personal debt, and government debt.

Besides the Fed likely pivoting soon due to the banking crisis, higher rates will make interest payments on the National Debt too expensive to pay off, risking a default on government debt. Overall levels of debt, both public and private, are much worse than when Fed Chair, Volcker, raised rates very high to successfully quell inflation. Any freeze in Federal spending or a default on the national debt, in response to the debt ceiling, will crash the economy, and any major extension in the debt ceiling will accelerate inflation. There is a good chance that inflation will be tolerated, with the dollar greatly devalued, to make government debt cheaper so that creditors eat the costs.

Source: Peter G. Peterson Foundation

A tight labor market is the main case that the bulls make to prove a strong economy. However, the official BLS jobs numbers are “baked” to exclude those who have given up on seeking employment, as well as counting 2nd or 3rd jobs. Not to mention that the BLS numbers were exposed by the Fed as overstating 1 million jobs during 2022. Even if one accepts the “baked” numbers, layoffs have a lagging effect on unemployment, including by industry (eg. tech layoffs before service sector). Now new jobless claims have grown at the fastest pace since Lehman'. It is also noteworthy that just about every recession has been preceded by low unemployment numbers. The increase in layoffs will put further pressure on the Fed to pivot, which on top of increased unemployment benefits, will cause inflation to surge again. This creates another doom loop, as inflation leads to more unemployment, as consumers are forced to cut back on spending.

Source: ZeroHedge

While bulls can say that this time is different from past crashes, all of the signs are pointing to this crisis being much worse than previous crashes. For instance, the economic recovery, after Volcker was done raising rates to fight inflation, was possible because of lower levels of debt, but the US has never entered a recession with debt/GDP at 125% and deficit/GDP at 7% in at least 85 years. Also the fallout of the 2008 crash was mitigated by a strong dollar, which also minimized the effects of inflation last year, but inflation will surge if the dollar is weakened. Despite signs of a pivot, the Fed has been moving much faster to fight inflation, then in the past, even with Volker. This crisis is also unique in that rates are being raised while entering a severe recession, and inflation could coincide mass layoffs. While the general assumption is that severe economic downturns are deflationary, financial commentator, Peter Schiff, makes a compelling case as for why an Inflationary Depression is a likelihood. Under this nightmare scenario, which would be much worse than even the Great Depression, inflation will negate any of the remedies that ended past crises, such as the New Deal, quantitative easing in 08, and the covid stimulus. Other signs of economic peril include, the steepest yield curve inversion since the early 80s recession, which is a barometer that has predicted just about every single recession, a major decline in ISM manufacturing sales, a big decline in savings rates, and Americans’ credit card debt approaching a record $1 Trillion.

source

This is the perfect storm with inflation, stagflation, recession, a potential debt crisis, as well as energy and supply chain issues. With this bubble to end all bubbles or too big to fail on steroids, the Fed has two choices, cause a liquidity crisis by shrinking the money supply, or letting inflation rip. While raising rates appears to be the least bad of these two options, further rate hikes are futile with the return of QE. A combo of QE plus interest rates having to remain high, is what could lead to that scenario of inflationary financial collapse, that Peter Schiff warned about. Though most likely it will either be long term stagflation or a deflationary Depression. This is not a hyperbole, nor clickbait, but a Depression is a very real possibility, especially if policy makers continue to kick the can down the road, to prop up the bubble.

*  *  *

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Tyler Durden Tue, 03/21/2023 - 17:25

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Three Years To Slow The Spread: COVID Hysteria & The Creation Of A Never-Ending Crisis

Three Years To Slow The Spread: COVID Hysteria & The Creation Of A Never-Ending Crisis

Authored by Jordan Schachtel via ‘The Dossier’…

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Three Years To Slow The Spread: COVID Hysteria & The Creation Of A Never-Ending Crisis

Authored by Jordan Schachtel via 'The Dossier' Substack,

Last Thursday marked the three year anniversary of the infamous “15 Days To Slow The Spread” campaign.

By March 16, yours truly was already pretty fed up with both the governmental and societal “response” to what was being baselessly categorized as the worst pandemic in 100 years, despite zero statistical data supporting such a serious claim.

I was living in the Washington, D.C. Beltway at the time, and it was pretty much impossible to find a like-minded person within 50 miles who also wasn’t taking the bait. After I read about the news coming out of Wuhan in January, I spent much of the next couple weeks catching up to speed and reading about what a modern pandemic response was supposed to look like.

What surprised me most was that none of “the measures” were mentioned, and that these designated “experts” were nothing more than failed mathematicians, government doctors, and college professors who were more interested in policy via shoddy academic forecasting than observing reality.

Within days of continually hearing their yapping at White House pressers, It quickly became clear that the Deborah Birx’s and Anthony Fauci’s of the world were engaging in nothing more than a giant experiment. There was no an evidence-based approach to managing Covid whatsoever. These figures were leaning into the collective hysteria, and brandishing their credentials as Public Health Experts to demand top-down approaches to stamping out the WuFlu.

To put it bluntly, these longtime government bureaucrats had no idea what the f—k they were doing. Fauci and his cohorts were not established or reputable scientists, but authoritarians, charlatans, who had a decades-long track record of hackery and corruption. This Coronavirus Task Force did not have the collective intellect nor the wisdom to be making these broad brush decisions.

Back then, there were only literally a handful of people who attempted to raise awareness about the wave of tyranny, hysteria, and anti-science policies that were coming our way. There were so few of us back in March in 2020 that it was impossible to form any kind of significant structured resistance to the madness that was unfolding before us. These structures would later form, but not until the infrastructure for the highway to Covid hysteria hell had already been cemented.

Making matters worse was the reality that the vast majority of the population — friends, colleagues, peers and family included — agreed that dissenters were nothing more than reckless extremists, bioterrorists, Covid deniers, anti-science rabble rousers, and the like.

Yet we were right, and we had the evidence and data to prove it. There was no evidence to ever support such a heavy-handed series of government initiatives to “slow the spread.”

By March 16, 2020, data had already accumulated indicating that this contagion would be no more lethal than an influenza outbreak.

The February, 2020 outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship provided a clear signal that the hysteria models provided by Bill Gates-funded and managed organizations were incredibly off base. Of the 3,711 people aboard the Diamond Princess, about 20% tested positive with Covid. The majority of those who tested positive had zero symptoms. By the time all passengers had disembarked from the vessel, there were 7 reported deaths on the ship, with the average age of this cohort being in the mid 80s, and it wasn’t even clear if these passengers died from or with Covid.

Despite the strange photos and videos coming out of Wuhan, China, there was no objective evidence of a once in a century disease approaching America’s shores, and the Diamond Princess outbreak made that clear.

Of course, it wasn’t the viral contagion that became the problem.

It was the hysteria contagion that brought out the worst qualities of much of the global ruling class, letting world leaders take off their proverbial masks in unison and reveal their true nature as power drunk madmen.

And even the more decent world leaders were swept up in the fear and mayhem, turning over the keys of government control to the supposed all-knowing Public Health Experts.

They quickly shuttered billions of lives and livelihoods, wreaking exponentially more havoc than a novel coronavirus ever could.

In the United States, 15 Days to Slow The Spread quickly became 30 Days To Slow The Spread. Somewhere along the way, the end date for “the measures” was removed from the equation entirely.

3 years later, there still isn’t an end date…

Anthony Fauci appeared on MSNBC Thursday morning and declared that Americans would need annual Covid boosters to compliment their Flu shots.

So much of the Covid hysteria era was driven by pseudoscience and outright nonsense, and yet, very few if any world leaders took it upon themselves to restore sanity in their domains. Now, unsurprisingly, so many elected officials who were complicit in this multi-billion person human tragedy won’t dare to reflect upon it.

In a 1775 letter from John Adams to his wife, Abigail, the American Founding Father wrote:

“Liberty once lost is lost forever. When the People once surrender their share in the Legislature, and their Right of defending the Limitations upon the Government, and of resisting every Encroachment upon them, they can never regain it.”

Covid hysteria and the 3 year anniversary of 15 Days To Slow The Spread serves as the beginning period of a permanent scar resulting from government power grabs and federal overreach.

While life is back to normal in most of the country, the Overton window of acceptable policy has slid even further in the direction of push-button tyranny. Hopefully, much of the world has awakened to the reality that most of the people in charge aren’t actually doing what’s best for their respective populations.

Tyler Durden Tue, 03/21/2023 - 18:05

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From the bed sheets to the TV remote, a microbiologist reveals the shocking truth about dirt and germs in hotel rooms

The filthy secrets of hotel rooms and why you might want to pack disinfectant on your next trip.

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Relaxing in filth? Pexels/Cottonbro studio

For most of us, staying in a hotel room is either something of a necessity – think business travel – or something to look forward to as part of a holiday or wider excursion.

But what if I told you there’s a large chance your hotel room, despite how it might appear to the naked eye, isn’t that clean. And even if it’s an expensive room, that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s any less dirty.

Indeed, whoever has stayed in your room prior to you will have deposited bacteria, fungi and viruses all over the furniture, carpets, curtains and surfaces. What remains of these germ deposits depends on how efficiently your room is cleaned by hotel staff. And let’s face it, what is considered clean by a hotel might be different to what you consider clean.

Typically, assessment of hotel room cleanliness is based on sight and smell observations –- not on the invisible microbiology of the space, which is where the infection risks reside. So let’s take a deep dive into the world of germs, bugs and viruses to find out what might be lurking where.

It starts at the lift

Before you even enter your room, think of the hotel lift buttons as germ hotspots. They are being pressed all the time by many different people, which can transfer microorganisms onto the button surface, as well back onto the presser’s fingers.

Communal door handles can be similar in terms of germ presence unless sanitised regularly. Wash your hands or use a hand sanitiser after using a handle before you next touch your face or eat or drink.

The most common infections people pick up from hotel rooms are tummy bugs – diarrhoea and vomiting – along with respiratory viruses, such as colds and pneumonia, as well as COVID-19, of course.

Hotel door opening.
Welcome to germ paradise. Pexels/Pixabay

Toilets and bathrooms tend to be cleaned more thoroughly than the rest of a hotel room and are often the least bacteriologically colonised environments.

Though if the drinking glass in the bathroom is not disposable, wash it before use (body wash or shampoo are effective dishwashers), as you can never be sure if they’ve been cleaned properly. Bathroom door handles may also be colonised by pathogens from unwashed hands or dirty washcloths.

Beware the remote

The bed, sheets and pillows can also be home to some unwanted visitors. A 2020 study found that after a pre-symptomatic COVID-19 patient occupied a hotel room there was significant viral contamination of many surfaces, with levels being particularly high within the sheets, pillow case and quilt cover.

While sheets and pillowcases may be more likely to be changed between occupants, bedspreads may not, meaning these fabrics may become invisible reservoirs for pathogens – as much as a toilet seat. Though in some cases sheets aren’t always changed between guests, so it may be better to just bring your own.

Less thought about is what lives on the hotel room desk, bedside table, telephone, kettle, coffee machine, light switch or TV remote – as these surfaces aren’t always sanitised between occupancies.

TV remote lying on pink bedding.
Handle with care: the TV remote is often one of the dirtiest items in a hotel room. Pexels/Karolina grabowska

Viruses such as the norovirus can live in an infectious form for days on hard surfaces, as can COVID-19 – and the typical time interval between room changeovers is often less than 12 hours.

Soft fabric furnishings such as cushions, chairs, curtains and blinds are also difficult to clean and may not be sanitised other than to remove stains between guests, so washing your hands after touching them might be a good idea.

Uninvited guests

If all those germs and dirty surfaces aren’t enough to contend with, there are also bedbugs to think about. These bloodsucking insects are experts at secreting themselves into narrow, small spaces, remaining dormant without feeding for months.

Small spaces include the cracks and crevices of luggage, mattresses and bedding. Bed bugs are widespread throughout Europe, Africa, the US and Asia – and are often found in hotels. And just because a room looks and smells clean, doesn’t mean there may not be bed bugs lurking.

Woman making bed in hoteroom.
Get those cushions off the bed straightaway. Pexels/Cottonbro studio

Fortunately, bed bug bites are unlikely to give you a transmissible disease, but the bite areas can become inflamed and infected. For the detection of bedbugs, reddish skin bites and blood spots on sheets are signs of an active infestation (use an antiseptic cream on the bites).

Other signs can be found on your mattress, behind the headboard and inside drawers and the wardrobe: brown spots could be remains of faeces, bed bug skins are brownish-silvery looking and live bed bugs are brown coloured and typically one to seven millimetres in length.

Inform the hotel if you think there are bed bugs in your room. And to avoid taking them with you when you checkout, carefully clean your luggage and clothes before opening them at home.

As higher-status hotels tend to have more frequent room usage, a more expensive room at a five-star hotel does not necessarily mean greater cleanliness, as room cleaning costs reduce profit margins. So wherever you’re staying, take with you a pack of antiseptic wipes and use them on the hard surfaces in your hotel room.

Also, wash or sanitise your hands often – especially before you eat or drink anything. And take slippers or thick socks with you so you can avoid walking barefoot on hotel carpets – known to be another dirt hotspot. And after all that, enjoy your stay.

Primrose Freestone does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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