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Meet Cathedra, A Promethean Bitcoin Miner Focused On Killing The Petrodollar

The Bitcoin mining firm Cathedra seeks to propel humanity toward a “positive sum” future in energy production, creativity and more.

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The Bitcoin mining firm Cathedra seeks to propel humanity toward a “positive sum” future in energy production, creativity and more.

Cathedra Bitcoin mining containers. Source: Cathedra

Governmental policies in money and energy underpin most of today’s food shortages and soaring prices across consumer goods and services, at least according to bitcoin mining company Cathedra Bitcoin.

While the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the central banks’ central banker, blames 40-year-high U.S. inflation levels on pandemic-induced supply chain bottlenecks, Cathedra has laid out an alternative view in its latest annual letter to shareholders.

“We believe the root causes of these issues are quite simple: unsound money and unsound energy infrastructure,” the letter reads.

Unsound Energy

Cathedra argues that much of the current mainstream line of thought is influenced by a Malthusian approach, which purports that progress is “zero sum” and resources are finite, thereby leading experts and governments to tilt favorably for policies that judge human action by whether it disturbs the natural world.

However, the bitcoin miner subscribes to Prometheanism — the belief that progress is “positive sum” and human creativity and technology allow resources to be employed in novel ways that preserve the natural world while benefiting the human species. Prometheans evaluate human action by its ability to trigger human flourishing, a line of thought that guides all of Cathedra’s business decisions.

Energy abundance is necessary. While different energy sources bring different benefits and tradeoffs to the table, a cohesive plan to enable maximum energy throughput is a necessity for any nation to thrive. Short-sighted policies that subsidize intermittent renewables and shutter stable forms of generation lead to energy insecurity and higher energy costs, Cathedra outlines in its letter.

“This is the underlying logic of these ‘net-zero’ policies: make energy more expensive so that we use less of it,” per the letter. “In fact, economists advising the European Central Bank view rising energy costs (‘greenflation’) as a feature, not a bug — a necessary consequence of the energy transition.”

While every human being needs energy to survive, rising energy costs asymmetrically favor those who thrive in society while punishing people with low incomes who spend much of their paychecks on basic necessities. The higher the energy price, the higher the price for every product and service and the higher the toll on economic growth.

“Rising energy prices are a regressive tax on the least well-off in society,” Cathedra’s letter reads. “Energy is the key input for every other good and service in the economy, and over time accounts for all wealth in an economy. To the extent energy gets more expensive, so does everything else (including and especially food), making society poorer.”

“This is the Malthusian approach to energy,” it adds. “Expensive ‘green’ energy that the elites can afford, while the unwashed masses bear the brunt of those rising costs.”

The U.S. has spiraled into a deep push for renewable energy sources under the Biden administration. However, instead of allowing electric grid adjustments in the short-to-medium term by maintaining “old” power generation plants, President Biden’s administration has opted for a complete overhaul.

Biden canceled the Keystone XL pipeline on his first day in office over concerns that burning oil and crude could make climate change worse and harder to reverse. The pipeline would have channeled 830,000 barrels of oil per day from Canada to refineries on the U.S. Gulf Coast, and the move led to rising tensions between U.S. and Canada. Biden’s worries about climate change have also led him into a legal battle to pause new oil and gas leases.

Similar U.S. efforts have occurred at the state level. Over the past two years, New York has banned fracking and closed a nuclear power plant that supplied a quarter of the state’s energy needs as it eyes hydropower. However, that maneuver is also meeting resistance as environmentalists argue hydropower’s inevitable flooding of some areas would lead to carbon emissions. Progress on other renewable energy sources, like solar, also have been hindered.

“The result is more unreliable energy and less baseload generation, which ultimately raises the cost of energy across the board,” Cathedra CEO A.J. Scalia told Bitcoin Magazine, referring to governmental subsidies for renewable energy.

“In the absence of these government incentives, capital and entrepreneurs would pursue ventures that satisfy genuine consumer preferences,” he added. “Renewables would be forced to compete with other forms of generation on their own merits, and renewable energy entrepreneurs would have to develop long-term, profitable, sustainable business models that don’t rely on the largesse of government.”

Nearly all energy sources will present environmental challenges in one way or the other. Cathedra advocates for “low-entropy” options, which it says are needed to maintain order and advance the development of civilization.

“The story of civilizational progress is one of humanity improving its ability to harness highly ordered sources of energy and therefore our capacity for shedding entropy,” Scalia said. “A half century of government subsidies and declining interest rates has steered capital towards high-entropy renewables, jeopardizing our ability to preserve order in the future, thereby bringing us closer toward thermodynamic equilibrium (read: civilizational collapse).”

“With its immutable monetary policy, Bitcoin preserves the information contained in prices and will allow humanity to flourish through more efficient, decentralized allocation of resources, improving our ability to resist the influence of entropy in the physical world,” he added.

Unsound Money

The current global fiat monetary standard, based on bilateral agreements between the U.S. and oil-producing countries in the “petrodollar” system, backs the U.S. dollar as the world reserve currency through energy and debt. However, central bank monetary policies of recent have started to crack this foundation, Cathedra said.

“A half-century of irresponsible fiscal and monetary policy has pushed sovereign and private sector debt to the brink of unsustainability and fragilized financial markets,” per the company’s letter. “The once steady foreign demand for treasuries is evaporating, forcing the Fed to begin monetizing U.S. deficits at an increasing rate. The U.S.’s share of global GDP is waning, and the role of the dollar in key trading relationships is diminishing. Even the once-mighty U.S. military — on whose supremacy the entire petrodollar system was predicated — shows signs of degeneration.”

To this bitcoin miner, Bitcoin is the answer to fix record-low interest rates, supply chain disruptions and asset price and consumer price inflation.

“We believe the next global monetary system will be built atop Bitcoin — with bitcoin the asset and Bitcoin the network working together to offer final settlement in a digitally native, fixed-supply reserve currency on politically neutral rails,” the Cathedra letter reads. “Bitcoin uniquely enables this value proposition, and game theory and economic incentives will compel nation-states to take notice amid the collapsing monetary order.”

The company notes that competition to Bitcoin may emerge, promising even more control, which would appeal to Malthusian leaders. However, Cathedra remains “cautiously optimistic” that the U.S. will favor Bitcoin over dystopian technologies like a central bank digital currency (CBDC). However, the U.S. government doesn’t seem to be leaning that way.


Biden signed an executive order (E.O.) on Wednesday tapping “urgent” development of a Federal Reserve CBDC. The E.O. outlines federal efforts to research and develop specific guidelines for the use of bitcoin, alternative cryptocurrencies and a possible digital dollar as the country seeks to remain at the core of the global financial system.

While Bitcoin empowers an open, freedom-based economy, CBDCs foster a permissioned and censorable financial system underpinned by control from institutions over the people. Image source: Cathedra Bitcoin.

“The U.S. is ceding control of the unipolar, dollar-based monetary system; 50 years of irresponsible fiscal and monetary policy has made this a certainty,” Scalia told Bitcoin Magazine. “The only choice we have at this point is how to respond. If America wants to extend its economic leadership in a post-Bretton Woods III monetary order, the path of least resistance would be to lean into its dominant position in the Bitcoin industry.”

A Bitcoin Mining Company Focused On Hyperbitcoinization

“Our macro views on energy and money inform everything we’re doing at Cathedra,” the letter reads. “Chief among them is the belief that sound money and cheap, abundant, highly ordered energy are the fundamental ingredients to human flourishing. Our company mission is to bring both to humanity, and so lead mankind into a new Renaissance — one led by Bitcoin and the energy revolution we believe it will galvanize.”

The bitcoin miner rebranded from Fortress Technologies to Cathedra Bitcoin in December to reflect its aspirations in building a “bold, ambitious, long-term” project — in the spirit of history’s gothic cathedrals — with energy and Bitcoin, not “crypto,” at its core.

“Our long-term plan is to vertically integrate to own everything from the energy resource, to the mining data center, to the mining machines hashing inside the data center,” Scalia said. “Once Cathedra is a scaled, low-cost producer of bitcoin and energy, we’ll also be uniquely positioned to deliver a suite of ancillary products and services across the financial and energy sectors as well.”

Another aspect of Cathedra’s long-term play involves off-grid mining, which the company believes will trump the current popular practice of on-grid mining. To help achieve this vision, the miner has begun producing proprietary modular data centers made to function even under harsh environmental conditions, called “Rovers,” to house over 5,000 bitcoin mining machines that Cathedra expects to receive this year.

Scalia told Bitcoin Magazine that the advantages of off-grid mining relate mostly to the cheap energy costs. The chief executive highlighted how, by leveraging energy that would otherwise go to waste, the miner wouldn’t compete with other customers as in on-grid mining.

“First, by mining off grid, we’re necessarily pursuing sources of energy that are non-rival,” Scalia said. “Because there’s no other demand for the energy, we’re able to buy it for cheaper than we otherwise would — and in some cases, can even get paid to consume it.”

Cathedra mines bitcoin leveraging otherwise-wasted energy sources. Pictured are bitcoin mining containers built by a third party that enables Cathedra to monetize flared gas in a North Dakota facility while contributing to the security of the Bitcoin network. Photo courtesy of Cathedra Bitcoin.

Mining off-grid also enables Cathedra to cut down many costs associated with power transportation, transmission, and distribution.

“Finally, by vertically integrating to design, manufacture, and operate our Rovers, we’re able to remove additional layers of margin and realize savings on the capex side as well,” Scalia said. “As we achieve scale, we’ll benefit from volume discounts on materials, greater bargaining power with suppliers, etc., driving down our cost to produce each Rover.”

Cathedra also is dedicated to accumulating bitcoin on its balance sheet. The company said in its letter that it leverages financing opportunities to keep as much of the bitcoin it mines as possible, a long-term vision that it says will produce outsized results as companies with big BTC holdings get a head start in an eventual Bitcoin standard.

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There will soon be one million seats on this popular Amtrak route

“More people are taking the train than ever before,” says Amtrak’s Executive Vice President.

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While the size of the United States makes it hard for it to compete with the inter-city train access available in places like Japan and many European countries, Amtrak trains are a very popular transportation option in certain pockets of the country — so much so that the country’s national railway company is expanding its Northeast Corridor by more than one million seats.

Related: This is what it's like to take a 19-hour train from New York to Chicago

Running from Boston all the way south to Washington, D.C., the route is one of the most popular as it passes through the most densely populated part of the country and serves as a commuter train for those who need to go between East Coast cities such as New York and Philadelphia for business.

Veronika Bondarenko captured this photo of New York’s Moynihan Train Hall. 

Veronika Bondarenko

Amtrak launches new routes, promises travelers ‘additional travel options’

Earlier this month, Amtrak announced that it was adding four additional Northeastern routes to its schedule — two more routes between New York’s Penn Station and Union Station in Washington, D.C. on the weekend, a new early-morning weekday route between New York and Philadelphia’s William H. Gray III 30th Street Station and a weekend route between Philadelphia and Boston’s South Station.

More Travel:

According to Amtrak, these additions will increase Northeast Corridor’s service by 20% on the weekdays and 10% on the weekends for a total of one million additional seats when counted by how many will ride the corridor over the year.

“More people are taking the train than ever before and we’re proud to offer our customers additional travel options when they ride with us on the Northeast Regional,” Amtrak Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer Eliot Hamlisch said in a statement on the new routes. “The Northeast Regional gets you where you want to go comfortably, conveniently and sustainably as you breeze past traffic on I-95 for a more enjoyable travel experience.”

Here are some of the other Amtrak changes you can expect to see

Amtrak also said that, in the 2023 financial year, the Northeast Corridor had nearly 9.2 million riders — 8% more than it had pre-pandemic and a 29% increase from 2022. The higher demand, particularly during both off-peak hours and the time when many business travelers use to get to work, is pushing Amtrak to invest into this corridor in particular.

To reach more customers, Amtrak has also made several changes to both its routes and pricing system. In the fall of 2023, it introduced a type of new “Night Owl Fare” — if traveling during very late or very early hours, one can go between cities like New York and Philadelphia or Philadelphia and Washington. D.C. for $5 to $15.

As travel on the same routes during peak hours can reach as much as $300, this was a deliberate move to reach those who have the flexibility of time and might have otherwise preferred more affordable methods of transportation such as the bus. After seeing strong uptake, Amtrak added this type of fare to more Boston routes.

The largest distances, such as the ones between Boston and New York or New York and Washington, are available at the lowest rate for $20.

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The next pandemic? It’s already here for Earth’s wildlife

Bird flu is decimating species already threatened by climate change and habitat loss.

I am a conservation biologist who studies emerging infectious diseases. When people ask me what I think the next pandemic will be I often say that we are in the midst of one – it’s just afflicting a great many species more than ours.

I am referring to the highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI H5N1), otherwise known as bird flu, which has killed millions of birds and unknown numbers of mammals, particularly during the past three years.

This is the strain that emerged in domestic geese in China in 1997 and quickly jumped to humans in south-east Asia with a mortality rate of around 40-50%. My research group encountered the virus when it killed a mammal, an endangered Owston’s palm civet, in a captive breeding programme in Cuc Phuong National Park Vietnam in 2005.

How these animals caught bird flu was never confirmed. Their diet is mainly earthworms, so they had not been infected by eating diseased poultry like many captive tigers in the region.

This discovery prompted us to collate all confirmed reports of fatal infection with bird flu to assess just how broad a threat to wildlife this virus might pose.

This is how a newly discovered virus in Chinese poultry came to threaten so much of the world’s biodiversity.

H5N1 originated on a Chinese poultry farm in 1997. ChameleonsEye/Shutterstock

The first signs

Until December 2005, most confirmed infections had been found in a few zoos and rescue centres in Thailand and Cambodia. Our analysis in 2006 showed that nearly half (48%) of all the different groups of birds (known to taxonomists as “orders”) contained a species in which a fatal infection of bird flu had been reported. These 13 orders comprised 84% of all bird species.

We reasoned 20 years ago that the strains of H5N1 circulating were probably highly pathogenic to all bird orders. We also showed that the list of confirmed infected species included those that were globally threatened and that important habitats, such as Vietnam’s Mekong delta, lay close to reported poultry outbreaks.

Mammals known to be susceptible to bird flu during the early 2000s included primates, rodents, pigs and rabbits. Large carnivores such as Bengal tigers and clouded leopards were reported to have been killed, as well as domestic cats.

Our 2006 paper showed the ease with which this virus crossed species barriers and suggested it might one day produce a pandemic-scale threat to global biodiversity.

Unfortunately, our warnings were correct.

A roving sickness

Two decades on, bird flu is killing species from the high Arctic to mainland Antarctica.

In the past couple of years, bird flu has spread rapidly across Europe and infiltrated North and South America, killing millions of poultry and a variety of bird and mammal species. A recent paper found that 26 countries have reported at least 48 mammal species that have died from the virus since 2020, when the latest increase in reported infections started.

Not even the ocean is safe. Since 2020, 13 species of aquatic mammal have succumbed, including American sea lions, porpoises and dolphins, often dying in their thousands in South America. A wide range of scavenging and predatory mammals that live on land are now also confirmed to be susceptible, including mountain lions, lynx, brown, black and polar bears.

The UK alone has lost over 75% of its great skuas and seen a 25% decline in northern gannets. Recent declines in sandwich terns (35%) and common terns (42%) were also largely driven by the virus.

Scientists haven’t managed to completely sequence the virus in all affected species. Research and continuous surveillance could tell us how adaptable it ultimately becomes, and whether it can jump to even more species. We know it can already infect humans – one or more genetic mutations may make it more infectious.

At the crossroads

Between January 1 2003 and December 21 2023, 882 cases of human infection with the H5N1 virus were reported from 23 countries, of which 461 (52%) were fatal.

Of these fatal cases, more than half were in Vietnam, China, Cambodia and Laos. Poultry-to-human infections were first recorded in Cambodia in December 2003. Intermittent cases were reported until 2014, followed by a gap until 2023, yielding 41 deaths from 64 cases. The subtype of H5N1 virus responsible has been detected in poultry in Cambodia since 2014. In the early 2000s, the H5N1 virus circulating had a high human mortality rate, so it is worrying that we are now starting to see people dying after contact with poultry again.

It’s not just H5 subtypes of bird flu that concern humans. The H10N1 virus was originally isolated from wild birds in South Korea, but has also been reported in samples from China and Mongolia.

Recent research found that these particular virus subtypes may be able to jump to humans after they were found to be pathogenic in laboratory mice and ferrets. The first person who was confirmed to be infected with H10N5 died in China on January 27 2024, but this patient was also suffering from seasonal flu (H3N2). They had been exposed to live poultry which also tested positive for H10N5.

Species already threatened with extinction are among those which have died due to bird flu in the past three years. The first deaths from the virus in mainland Antarctica have just been confirmed in skuas, highlighting a looming threat to penguin colonies whose eggs and chicks skuas prey on. Humboldt penguins have already been killed by the virus in Chile.

A colony of king penguins.
Remote penguin colonies are already threatened by climate change. AndreAnita/Shutterstock

How can we stem this tsunami of H5N1 and other avian influenzas? Completely overhaul poultry production on a global scale. Make farms self-sufficient in rearing eggs and chicks instead of exporting them internationally. The trend towards megafarms containing over a million birds must be stopped in its tracks.

To prevent the worst outcomes for this virus, we must revisit its primary source: the incubator of intensive poultry farms.

Diana Bell does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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NY Fed Finds Medium, Long-Term Inflation Expectations Jump Amid Surge In Stock Market Optimism

NY Fed Finds Medium, Long-Term Inflation Expectations Jump Amid Surge In Stock Market Optimism

One month after the inflation outlook tracked…

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NY Fed Finds Medium, Long-Term Inflation Expectations Jump Amid Surge In Stock Market Optimism

One month after the inflation outlook tracked by the NY Fed Consumer Survey extended their late 2023 slide, with 3Y inflation expectations in January sliding to a record low 2.4% (from 2.6% in December), even as 1 and 5Y inflation forecasts remained flat, moments ago the NY Fed reported that in February there was a sharp rebound in longer-term inflation expectations, rising to 2.7% from 2.4% at the three-year ahead horizon, and jumping to 2.9% from 2.5% at the five-year ahead horizon, while the 1Y inflation outlook was flat for the 3rd month in a row, stuck at 3.0%. 

The increases in both the three-year ahead and five-year ahead measures were most pronounced for respondents with at most high school degrees (in other words, the "really smart folks" are expecting deflation soon). The survey’s measure of disagreement across respondents (the difference between the 75th and 25th percentile of inflation expectations) decreased at all horizons, while the median inflation uncertainty—or the uncertainty expressed regarding future inflation outcomes—declined at the one- and three-year ahead horizons and remained unchanged at the five-year ahead horizon.

Going down the survey, we find that the median year-ahead expected price changes increased by 0.1 percentage point to 4.3% for gas; decreased by 1.8 percentage points to 6.8% for the cost of medical care (its lowest reading since September 2020); decreased by 0.1 percentage point to 5.8% for the cost of a college education; and surprisingly decreased by 0.3 percentage point for rent to 6.1% (its lowest reading since December 2020), and remained flat for food at 4.9%.

We find the rent expectations surprising because it is happening just asking rents are rising across the country.

At the same time as consumers erroneously saw sharply lower rents, median home price growth expectations remained unchanged for the fifth consecutive month at 3.0%.

Turning to the labor market, the survey found that the average perceived likelihood of voluntary and involuntary job separations increased, while the perceived likelihood of finding a job (in the event of a job loss) declined. "The mean probability of leaving one’s job voluntarily in the next 12 months also increased, by 1.8 percentage points to 19.5%."

Mean unemployment expectations - or the mean probability that the U.S. unemployment rate will be higher one year from now - decreased by 1.1 percentage points to 36.1%, the lowest reading since February 2022. Additionally, the median one-year-ahead expected earnings growth was unchanged at 2.8%, remaining slightly below its 12-month trailing average of 2.9%.

Turning to household finance, we find the following:

  • The median expected growth in household income remained unchanged at 3.1%. The series has been moving within a narrow range of 2.9% to 3.3% since January 2023, and remains above the February 2020 pre-pandemic level of 2.7%.
  • Median household spending growth expectations increased by 0.2 percentage point to 5.2%. The increase was driven by respondents with a high school degree or less.
  • Median year-ahead expected growth in government debt increased to 9.3% from 8.9%.
  • The mean perceived probability that the average interest rate on saving accounts will be higher in 12 months increased by 0.6 percentage point to 26.1%, remaining below its 12-month trailing average of 30%.
  • Perceptions about households’ current financial situations deteriorated somewhat with fewer respondents reporting being better off than a year ago. Year-ahead expectations also deteriorated marginally with a smaller share of respondents expecting to be better off and a slightly larger share of respondents expecting to be worse off a year from now.
  • The mean perceived probability that U.S. stock prices will be higher 12 months from now increased by 1.4 percentage point to 38.9%.
  • At the same time, perceptions and expectations about credit access turned less optimistic: "Perceptions of credit access compared to a year ago deteriorated with a larger share of respondents reporting tighter conditions and a smaller share reporting looser conditions compared to a year ago."

Also, a smaller percentage of consumers, 11.45% vs 12.14% in prior month, expect to not be able to make minimum debt payment over the next three months

Last, and perhaps most humorous, is the now traditional cognitive dissonance one observes with these polls, because at a time when long-term inflation expectations jumped, which clearly suggests that financial conditions will need to be tightened, the number of respondents expecting higher stock prices one year from today jumped to the highest since November 2021... which incidentally is just when the market topped out during the last cycle before suffering a painful bear market.

Tyler Durden Mon, 03/11/2024 - 12:40

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