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HEMPSHIRE GROUP PROVIDES CORPORATE OVERVIEW AND ANNOUNCES STRATEGIC INITIATIVES TO ACCELERATE GROWTH IN THE SMOKABLE ALTERNATIVES MARKET

HEMPSHIRE GROUP PROVIDES CORPORATE OVERVIEW AND ANNOUNCES STRATEGIC INITIATIVES TO ACCELERATE GROWTH IN THE SMOKABLE ALTERNATIVES MARKET
PR Newswire
CALGARY, AB, Aug. 24, 2022

CALGARY, AB, Aug. 24, 2022 /PRNewswire/ – The Hempshire Group, Inc. (TSX…

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HEMPSHIRE GROUP PROVIDES CORPORATE OVERVIEW AND ANNOUNCES STRATEGIC INITIATIVES TO ACCELERATE GROWTH IN THE SMOKABLE ALTERNATIVES MARKET

PR Newswire

CALGARY, AB, Aug. 24, 2022 /PRNewswire/ - The Hempshire Group, Inc. (TSXV: HMPG) ("Hempshire" or the "Company") is a California-based non-tobacco and non-nicotine smokable alternatives company that formulates and sells its own proprietary brand of cannabidiol hemp smokes ("Hemp Smokes") under the MOUNTAIN® Smokes label in Natural, Pineapple Squeeze and Mint Squeeze flavors. MOUNTAIN® Smokes look, feel, burn, and are packaged like tobacco cigarettes, but without the harmful effects and addictive properties of tobacco and nicotine, and without additives or chemical preservatives.

Hempshire recently commenced trading on the TSX Venture Exchange and is pleased to provide an overview of the Company and its strategic initiatives to support growth in 2022 and 2023.

THE HEMPSHIRE GROUP, INC – AN OVERVIEW
The Team

Hempshire has established a team of successful executives and partners who have been instrumental in creating, building and executing launch and marketing strategies for some of the world's most iconic brands, including Apple's Mac, iPod and iPhone, Pfizer's Viagra, Mars' M&Ms and Snickers, multiple healthcare products for Bayer AG, GlaxoSmithKline, and other major pharmaceutical companies, as well as for companies including Coca-Cola, Disney, Nickelodeon, and Diesel.

The Company's President and CEO, Martin Marion, was formerly a senior executive at multiple Madison Avenue advertising agencies responsible for the marketing strategy of several global brands. The Company's CMO, Eric Starr, previously worked for Apple's ad agency (Media Arts Lab) as Creative Strategy Director. His work received several honors, including 'iPod Silhouettes' receiving 'Outdoor Campaign of the Decade', 'I'm a Mac, I'm a PC' receiving 'Campaign of the Decade', and Media Arts Lab won the honor of 'Agency of the Decade'.

Hempshire's top talent was attracted to the Company because of the quality and smokability of MOUNTAIN® Smokes, the addressable market potential, tightening regulatory pressures on tobacco and nicotine, and shifting smoker preferences.

The Products

Hempshire is dedicated to transparency in its ingredients – its Hemp Smokes are formulated with only organic full-flower hemp, organic mullein, and organic sage, with no tobacco, nicotine, fillers, preservatives or added chemicals.

The MOUNTAIN® Smokes brand includes MOUNTAIN® Originals (<0.3% THC) and MOUNTAIN® Zeros (non-detectible <0.0001% THC). The MOUNTAIN® Zeros line allows Hempshire to service certain global jurisdictions that have stricter THC regulations, and this line is also expected to be launched in the United States for those who may desire a Hemp Smoke without the risk of testing positive for THC.

To date, the Company's MOUNTAIN® Smokes products have been displayed in social media posts from hundreds of significant influencers in the music, TV/film, and social media industries. These posts have been made without any paid endorsements.

Addressable Markets

Hempshire's strategic initiatives are centered around targeting three global addressable markets with an aggregate annualized spend of over US$850 Billion.

(1) US$849.9 Billion Global Tobacco Market1

Hempshire smokable alternative products offer tobacco cigarette smokers the same familiar consumption experience and rituals that have contributed to the massive personal and social appeal of smoking and, in most jurisdictions, can be sold wherever tobacco cigarettes are available. However, they contain no tobacco and no nicotine, are non-addictive, are made from 100% organic ingredients, and typically have a retail price at parity or lower than most name-brand cigarettes.

The tobacco market is of particular interest and significance to Hempshire due to its immense size, shifting user preferences, and tightening governmental regulations. These shifts are highlighted in the following statement taken from British American Tobacco's website in September 2021:

"Generational differences and shifts in taste are continuing to emerge, as health and wellness become ever-more important. We anticipate growth in new categories of products, including – and beyond – tobacco and nicotine. Consumers expect these to provide stimulation and pleasure, in ways previously associated with cigarettes. We believe such growth will offset the predicted decline in cigarette consumption."

(2) US$18.1 Billion Global E-Cigarette and Vape Market2

Demand for e-cigarettes and vapes has grown due to manufacturer-sponsored studies presenting these nicotine-based products as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes and a social association psychology around vaping. However, regulatory authorities in multiple countries continue to restrict vaping and flavored nicotine-based vape juice, presenting a significant opportunity for Hempshire's smokable alternatives.

Hempshire's MOUNTAIN® Smokes provide e-cigarette and vape users the same hand-to-mouth experience, are also available in multiple flavors, and can be sold in the same convenient locations, but they do not contain addictive nicotine or other harmful chemicals, are less costly, and more environmentally friendly.

(3) US$5.2 Billion Global CBD Market3

The global CBD market is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate of nearly 17% from 2022 to 2030 due to its strong demand for health and wellness products and increasing government acceptance. Hempshire's Hemp Smokes provide consumers seeking CBD a form of consumption that has a relatively low cost per CBD dose and is more bioavailable than most ingestibles.

Regulatory Tailwinds

Recently, the traditional tobacco and nicotine industries have come under increasing regulatory pressures in the United States. The Company believes that, although it expects stricter regulations to take time, the non-tobacco and non-nicotine smokable alternatives category, and Hempshire as a result, will benefit from these changing regulatory shifts. Three recent examples include:

(1) "FDA Advances Ban on Menthol Cigarettes" The Wall Street Journal, April 28, 2022.

(2) "Biden administration says it plans to cut nicotine in cigarettes" The Washington Post, June 21, 2022.

(3) "FDA Bans Juul From Selling E-Cigarettes in U.S." The Wall Street Journal, June 23, 2022.

STRATEGIC INITIATIVES

Based on its marketing and branding expertise, product quality, addressable target markets, tightening government restrictions for tobacco and nicotine, and changing consumer preferences, Hempshire has laid out four initial strategic initiatives in its effort to penetrate the smokable alternatives market.

(1) Establish Brand Awareness and Sales Growth in the United States – With the use of proceeds from the recent equity financing, Hempshire's focus will be to continue to build brand awareness of, and consumer demand for, its flagship MOUNTAIN® Smokes line of organic Hemp Smokes. The Company will be focusing these efforts through the following primary sales channels:

(i) Domestic Wholesale B2B Sales – The Company plans to leverage its industry leading retail relationships in key designated market areas to facilitate wholesale sales programs that result in MOUNTAIN® Smokes on shelves across the United States.

(ii) Ecommerce – In July 2022, Hempshire released a fully featured, conversion-optimized ecommerce website (https://mountainsmokes.com) that enhances the customer experience, provides compelling incentives for fast path-to-purchase, and includes a significant loyalty rewards program. The website facilitates direct-to-consumer sales and includes a private portal for wholesaler, distributor, and retailer sales. The Company's objectives through the website are to (i) facilitate initial D2C sales growth, and (ii) to obtain actionable data about this emerging consumer market which will be utilized to refine ongoing marketing and sales tactics. Specifically, the Company is focused on the consumers' ability to experience the product quickly, while capturing upsell opportunities to maximize Average Order Value (AOV) and Lifetime Value (LTV), two key ecommerce metrics.

(2) Position for International Growth – Building upon previous sales in Switzerland, Hempshire will focus on expanding its presence in Europe through its existing international distribution relationships. Hempshire will continue with its initial objective of achieving first mover advantage across the large European and EU markets.

(3) White Label and Partnerships – Hempshire will continue to build out its white labelling and contract manufacturing collaborations by pursuing partnerships with well-known brands and select artists and celebrities. The Company believes that its internal marketing and branding expertise, along with its ability to formulate high quality smokable alternatives, will attract these opportunities.

(4) Position Production Capabilities to Scale Quickly and Profitably – The Company will concentrate on expanding its supply chain network, becoming incrementally focused on demand-driven planning. Hempshire will seek to adequately supply its growth plan without over-extending inventory levels to maintain optimal use of cash. Hempshire management believes that the Company will be able to further improve margins through economies of scale.

Hempshire believes it has established the foundation and infrastructure to pursue its long-term vision of becoming a global leader in the non-tobacco and non-nicotine smokable alternatives market. Martin Marion, Hempshire's President and CEO, stated, "In my more than 35 years creating strategy and directing marketing programs for some of the biggest brands in the world, I've only seen a handful that were truly category disruptive and backed by a fundamentally superior product that has the potential to de-position a multi-billion-dollar industry. MOUNTAIN Smokes has the ability to achieve competitive commercial dominance and simultaneously create a happier and healthier world. This combination enables us to scale significantly by outsmarting and de-positioning our competitors, not out-spending them."

About Hempshire

Incorporated in 2019, Hempshire formulates and markets its own proprietary brands under the MOUNTAIN® Smokes brand name, including MOUNTAIN® Originals cannabidiol hemp smokes ("Hemp Smokes") with <0.3% THC, and MOUNTAIN® Zeros Hemp Smokes with non-detectible, <0.0001% THC, and has additional proprietary brands under development. Hempshire also offers private white-labeling services and contract manufacturing services, through its partners, for significant non-owned Hemp Smoke brands in the United States and internationally.

Information about the Company's MOUNTAIN® Smokes line of Hemp Smokes can be found at the Company's ecommerce website at https://mountainsmokes.com.

Reader Advisory

Neither TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

Forward-Looking Statements

This news release contains forward-looking statements and forward-looking information within the meaning of applicable securities laws. The use of any of the words "expect", "anticipate", "continue", "estimate", "objective", "ongoing", "may", "will", "project", "should", "believe", "plans", "intends" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking information or statements. More particularly, and without limitation, this news release contains forward-looking statements and information concerning Hempshire's business, strategies, expectations, planned operations and future actions and Hempshire's intention and ability to grow its business, operations and product offerings through ecommerce, B2B sales and physical retailers, including establishing brand awareness in the US and internationally and developing white labeling and contract manufacturing collaborations.

The forward-looking statements and information are based on certain key expectations and assumptions made by Hempshire, including expectations and assumptions concerning: the securities markets and general business and economic conditions, including the ongoing impact of COVID-19; the future operations of, and transactions completed by, Hempshire, including its ability to successfully implement its growth strategies and business plan; ongoing ability to conduct business in the regulatory environments in which Hempshire operates and may operate in the future; and applicable laws not changing in a manner that is unfavorable to Hempshire. Readers are cautioned that the foregoing list is not exhaustive of all factors and assumptions which have been used.

Although Hempshire believes that the expectations and assumptions on which such forward-looking statements and information are based are reasonable, undue reliance should not be placed on the forward-looking statements and information because Hempshire can give no assurance that they will prove to be correct. By its nature, such forward-looking information is subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, which could cause the actual results and expectations to differ materially from the anticipated results or expectations expressed. Without limitation, these risks and uncertainties include: risks associated with the cannabis or hemp industries in general; the size of the emerging industrial hemp market; constraints on marketing products; risks inherent in the agricultural business; actions and initiatives of federal and provincial governments and changes to government policies and the execution and impact of these actions, initiatives and policies; Hempshire's interpretation of and changes to federal and state laws pertaining to hemp; incorrect interpretation of the United States' Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018; international regulatory risks; uncertainty caused by potential changes to regulatory framework; regulatory approval and permits; environmental, health and safety laws; anti-money laundering laws and regulations; banking matters; ability to access public and private capital and banking services; denial of deductibility of certain expenses; liability for actions of employees, contractors and consultants; product viability; accuracy of quality control systems; product recalls, product liability and product returns; positive tests for THC or banned substances; supply risk; reliance on third party suppliers, service providers and distributors; failure of counter-parties to perform contractual obligations; industry and intra-industry competition; changing consumer preferences and customer retention; unfavorable publicity or consumer perception; inability to sustain pricing models; reliance on key inputs; effectiveness and efficiency of advertising and promotional expenditures; retention and recruitment of key officers and employees; inability to renew material leases; obtaining insurance; management of growth; risks related to acquiring companies and entering partnerships; infringement on intellectual property; inability to protect intellectual property; intellectual property claims; litigation; trade secrets may be difficult to protect; data security breaches; global economic uncertainty; geo-political risks; emerging industries; limited market for securities; financial reporting and public company obligations; and other factors more fully described from time to time in the reports and filings made by Hempshire with securities regulatory authorities.

In addition, Hempshire cautions that current global uncertainty with respect to the spread of the COVID-19 virus and its effect on the broader global economy may have a significant negative effect on Hempshire. While the precise impact of the COVID-19 virus on Hempshire remains unknown, rapid spread of the COVID-19 virus may continue to have a material adverse effect on global economic activity, and may continue to result in volatility and disruption to global supply chains, operations, mobility of people and the financial markets, which could affect interest rates, credit ratings, credit risk, inflation, business, financial conditions, results of operations and other factors relevant to Hempshire.

Readers are cautioned that the assumptions used in the preparation of forward-looking information, although considered reasonable at the time of preparation, may prove to be imprecise. Actual results, performance or achievement could differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements and accordingly there can be no assurance that such expectations will be realized. Hempshire undertakes no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. The forward-looking information contained herein is expressly qualified by this cautionary statement.

Certain information contained herein has been obtained from published sources prepared by independent industry analysts and third-party sources (including industry publications, surveys and forecasts) ), including certain reports published by Grand View Research, Inc. While such information is believed to be reliable for the purposes used herein, Hempshire does not assume any responsibility for the accuracy of such information. Some of the sources cited in this news release have not consented to the inclusion of any data from their reports, nor has Hempshire sought their consent.

_________________________________

1 Grand View Research, Inc. "Tobacco Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Product (Smokeless, Cigarettes, Cigar & Cigarillos, Next Generation Products, Waterpipes), By Distribution Channel (Online, Offline), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2022 - 2030."

2Grand View Research, Inc. "E-cigarette And Vape Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Product (Disposable, Rechargeable), By Distribution Channel (Online, Retail), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2022 - 2030."

3Grand View Research, Inc. "Cannabidiol Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Source Type (Hemp, Marijuana), By Distribution Channel (B2B, B2C), By End-use (Medical, Personal Use), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2022 - 2030."

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Mathematicians use AI to identify emerging COVID-19 variants

Scientists at The Universities of Manchester and Oxford have developed an AI framework that can identify and track new and concerning COVID-19 variants…

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Scientists at The Universities of Manchester and Oxford have developed an AI framework that can identify and track new and concerning COVID-19 variants and could help with other infections in the future.

Credit: source: https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=23312

Scientists at The Universities of Manchester and Oxford have developed an AI framework that can identify and track new and concerning COVID-19 variants and could help with other infections in the future.

The framework combines dimension reduction techniques and a new explainable clustering algorithm called CLASSIX, developed by mathematicians at The University of Manchester. This enables the quick identification of groups of viral genomes that might present a risk in the future from huge volumes of data.

The study, presented this week in the journal PNAS, could support traditional methods of tracking viral evolution, such as phylogenetic analysis, which currently require extensive manual curation.

Roberto Cahuantzi, a researcher at The University of Manchester and first and corresponding author of the paper, said: “Since the emergence of COVID-19, we have seen multiple waves of new variants, heightened transmissibility, evasion of immune responses, and increased severity of illness.

“Scientists are now intensifying efforts to pinpoint these worrying new variants, such as alpha, delta and omicron, at the earliest stages of their emergence. If we can find a way to do this quickly and efficiently, it will enable us to be more proactive in our response, such as tailored vaccine development and may even enable us to eliminate the variants before they become established.”

Like many other RNA viruses, COVID-19 has a high mutation rate and short time between generations meaning it evolves extremely rapidly. This means identifying new strains that are likely to be problematic in the future requires considerable effort.

Currently, there are almost 16 million sequences available on the GISAID database (the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data), which provides access to genomic data of influenza viruses.

Mapping the evolution and history of all COVID-19 genomes from this data is currently done using extremely large amounts of computer and human time.

The described method allows automation of such tasks. The researchers processed 5.7 million high-coverage sequences in only one to two days on a standard modern laptop; this would not be possible for existing methods, putting identification of concerning pathogen strains in the hands of more researchers due to reduced resource needs.

Thomas House, Professor of Mathematical Sciences at The University of Manchester, said: “The unprecedented amount of genetic data generated during the pandemic demands improvements to our methods to analyse it thoroughly. The data is continuing to grow rapidly but without showing a benefit to curating this data, there is a risk that it will be removed or deleted.

“We know that human expert time is limited, so our approach should not replace the work of humans all together but work alongside them to enable the job to be done much quicker and free our experts for other vital developments.”

The proposed method works by breaking down genetic sequences of the COVID-19 virus into smaller “words” (called 3-mers) represented as numbers by counting them. Then, it groups similar sequences together based on their word patterns using machine learning techniques.

Stefan Güttel, Professor of Applied Mathematics at the University of Manchester, said: “The clustering algorithm CLASSIX we developed is much less computationally demanding than traditional methods and is fully explainable, meaning that it provides textual and visual explanations of the computed clusters.”

Roberto Cahuantzi added: “Our analysis serves as a proof of concept, demonstrating the potential use of machine learning methods as an alert tool for the early discovery of emerging major variants without relying on the need to generate phylogenies.

“Whilst phylogenetics remains the ‘gold standard’ for understanding the viral ancestry, these machine learning methods can accommodate several orders of magnitude more sequences than the current phylogenetic methods and at a low computational cost.”


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International

There will soon be one million seats on this popular Amtrak route

“More people are taking the train than ever before,” says Amtrak’s Executive Vice President.

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While the size of the United States makes it hard for it to compete with the inter-city train access available in places like Japan and many European countries, Amtrak trains are a very popular transportation option in certain pockets of the country — so much so that the country’s national railway company is expanding its Northeast Corridor by more than one million seats.

Related: This is what it's like to take a 19-hour train from New York to Chicago

Running from Boston all the way south to Washington, D.C., the route is one of the most popular as it passes through the most densely populated part of the country and serves as a commuter train for those who need to go between East Coast cities such as New York and Philadelphia for business.

Veronika Bondarenko captured this photo of New York’s Moynihan Train Hall. 

Veronika Bondarenko

Amtrak launches new routes, promises travelers ‘additional travel options’

Earlier this month, Amtrak announced that it was adding four additional Northeastern routes to its schedule — two more routes between New York’s Penn Station and Union Station in Washington, D.C. on the weekend, a new early-morning weekday route between New York and Philadelphia’s William H. Gray III 30th Street Station and a weekend route between Philadelphia and Boston’s South Station.

More Travel:

According to Amtrak, these additions will increase Northeast Corridor’s service by 20% on the weekdays and 10% on the weekends for a total of one million additional seats when counted by how many will ride the corridor over the year.

“More people are taking the train than ever before and we’re proud to offer our customers additional travel options when they ride with us on the Northeast Regional,” Amtrak Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer Eliot Hamlisch said in a statement on the new routes. “The Northeast Regional gets you where you want to go comfortably, conveniently and sustainably as you breeze past traffic on I-95 for a more enjoyable travel experience.”

Here are some of the other Amtrak changes you can expect to see

Amtrak also said that, in the 2023 financial year, the Northeast Corridor had nearly 9.2 million riders — 8% more than it had pre-pandemic and a 29% increase from 2022. The higher demand, particularly during both off-peak hours and the time when many business travelers use to get to work, is pushing Amtrak to invest into this corridor in particular.

To reach more customers, Amtrak has also made several changes to both its routes and pricing system. In the fall of 2023, it introduced a type of new “Night Owl Fare” — if traveling during very late or very early hours, one can go between cities like New York and Philadelphia or Philadelphia and Washington. D.C. for $5 to $15.

As travel on the same routes during peak hours can reach as much as $300, this was a deliberate move to reach those who have the flexibility of time and might have otherwise preferred more affordable methods of transportation such as the bus. After seeing strong uptake, Amtrak added this type of fare to more Boston routes.

The largest distances, such as the ones between Boston and New York or New York and Washington, are available at the lowest rate for $20.

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The next pandemic? It’s already here for Earth’s wildlife

Bird flu is decimating species already threatened by climate change and habitat loss.

I am a conservation biologist who studies emerging infectious diseases. When people ask me what I think the next pandemic will be I often say that we are in the midst of one – it’s just afflicting a great many species more than ours.

I am referring to the highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI H5N1), otherwise known as bird flu, which has killed millions of birds and unknown numbers of mammals, particularly during the past three years.

This is the strain that emerged in domestic geese in China in 1997 and quickly jumped to humans in south-east Asia with a mortality rate of around 40-50%. My research group encountered the virus when it killed a mammal, an endangered Owston’s palm civet, in a captive breeding programme in Cuc Phuong National Park Vietnam in 2005.

How these animals caught bird flu was never confirmed. Their diet is mainly earthworms, so they had not been infected by eating diseased poultry like many captive tigers in the region.

This discovery prompted us to collate all confirmed reports of fatal infection with bird flu to assess just how broad a threat to wildlife this virus might pose.

This is how a newly discovered virus in Chinese poultry came to threaten so much of the world’s biodiversity.

H5N1 originated on a Chinese poultry farm in 1997. ChameleonsEye/Shutterstock

The first signs

Until December 2005, most confirmed infections had been found in a few zoos and rescue centres in Thailand and Cambodia. Our analysis in 2006 showed that nearly half (48%) of all the different groups of birds (known to taxonomists as “orders”) contained a species in which a fatal infection of bird flu had been reported. These 13 orders comprised 84% of all bird species.

We reasoned 20 years ago that the strains of H5N1 circulating were probably highly pathogenic to all bird orders. We also showed that the list of confirmed infected species included those that were globally threatened and that important habitats, such as Vietnam’s Mekong delta, lay close to reported poultry outbreaks.

Mammals known to be susceptible to bird flu during the early 2000s included primates, rodents, pigs and rabbits. Large carnivores such as Bengal tigers and clouded leopards were reported to have been killed, as well as domestic cats.

Our 2006 paper showed the ease with which this virus crossed species barriers and suggested it might one day produce a pandemic-scale threat to global biodiversity.

Unfortunately, our warnings were correct.

A roving sickness

Two decades on, bird flu is killing species from the high Arctic to mainland Antarctica.

In the past couple of years, bird flu has spread rapidly across Europe and infiltrated North and South America, killing millions of poultry and a variety of bird and mammal species. A recent paper found that 26 countries have reported at least 48 mammal species that have died from the virus since 2020, when the latest increase in reported infections started.

Not even the ocean is safe. Since 2020, 13 species of aquatic mammal have succumbed, including American sea lions, porpoises and dolphins, often dying in their thousands in South America. A wide range of scavenging and predatory mammals that live on land are now also confirmed to be susceptible, including mountain lions, lynx, brown, black and polar bears.

The UK alone has lost over 75% of its great skuas and seen a 25% decline in northern gannets. Recent declines in sandwich terns (35%) and common terns (42%) were also largely driven by the virus.

Scientists haven’t managed to completely sequence the virus in all affected species. Research and continuous surveillance could tell us how adaptable it ultimately becomes, and whether it can jump to even more species. We know it can already infect humans – one or more genetic mutations may make it more infectious.

At the crossroads

Between January 1 2003 and December 21 2023, 882 cases of human infection with the H5N1 virus were reported from 23 countries, of which 461 (52%) were fatal.

Of these fatal cases, more than half were in Vietnam, China, Cambodia and Laos. Poultry-to-human infections were first recorded in Cambodia in December 2003. Intermittent cases were reported until 2014, followed by a gap until 2023, yielding 41 deaths from 64 cases. The subtype of H5N1 virus responsible has been detected in poultry in Cambodia since 2014. In the early 2000s, the H5N1 virus circulating had a high human mortality rate, so it is worrying that we are now starting to see people dying after contact with poultry again.

It’s not just H5 subtypes of bird flu that concern humans. The H10N1 virus was originally isolated from wild birds in South Korea, but has also been reported in samples from China and Mongolia.

Recent research found that these particular virus subtypes may be able to jump to humans after they were found to be pathogenic in laboratory mice and ferrets. The first person who was confirmed to be infected with H10N5 died in China on January 27 2024, but this patient was also suffering from seasonal flu (H3N2). They had been exposed to live poultry which also tested positive for H10N5.

Species already threatened with extinction are among those which have died due to bird flu in the past three years. The first deaths from the virus in mainland Antarctica have just been confirmed in skuas, highlighting a looming threat to penguin colonies whose eggs and chicks skuas prey on. Humboldt penguins have already been killed by the virus in Chile.

A colony of king penguins.
Remote penguin colonies are already threatened by climate change. AndreAnita/Shutterstock

How can we stem this tsunami of H5N1 and other avian influenzas? Completely overhaul poultry production on a global scale. Make farms self-sufficient in rearing eggs and chicks instead of exporting them internationally. The trend towards megafarms containing over a million birds must be stopped in its tracks.

To prevent the worst outcomes for this virus, we must revisit its primary source: the incubator of intensive poultry farms.

Diana Bell does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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