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From Culinary Arts To Cognitive Science: The Median Student Debt For Every US Bachelor’s Degree

From Culinary Arts To Cognitive Science: The Median Student Debt For Every US Bachelor’s Degree

According to the Federal Reserve, student…

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From Culinary Arts To Cognitive Science: The Median Student Debt For Every US Bachelor's Degree

According to the Federal Reserve, student loans added up to $1.6 trillion in Q2 2023, making them the third largest category of U.S. household debt behind auto loans ($1.8 trillion) and mortgages ($12 trillion).

The current student debt figure represents a 40% increase from a decade ago, resulting in greater pressure for the federal government to do more to help debtors. For example, on Oct 4. 2023, the Biden administration announced an additional $9 billion in student debt cancellations, bringing the total relief amount to $127 billion.

With student debt becoming a broader social issue, Visual Capitalist's Marcus Lu has visualized data from the Education Data Initiative to show you the median debt per major for a bachelor’s degree in the country.

Dataset and Highlights

The following table includes all of the data we used to create this graphic. Note that we’re showing median student debt, which differs from the mean average.

To understand how this works, imagine a list of every student’s debt for a given major. The median represents the middle value, meaning half of students owe less than that amount, while the other half owes more.

Major Field of Study 2022 Median Debt
(USD thousands)
Behavioral Sciences Social Sciences $42.8
Religious Education Arts and Humanities $32.0
Culinary Arts and
Related Services
Arts and Humanities $28.6
Human Services Social Sciences $28.6
Education Other $28.0
Clinical, Counseling, and
Applied Psychology
Health and Medicine $27.4
Literature Arts and Humanities $27.0
Natural Sciences Sciences $26.9
Physical Sciences Sciences $26.6
Music Arts and Humanities $26.6
Architecture Arts and Humanities $26.5
Arts, Entertainment, and
Media Management
Arts and Humanities $26.5
Visual and Performing Arts Arts and Humanities $26.5
Health Professions and
Related Clinical Sciences
Health and Medicine $26.0
Communication, Journalism, and
Related Programs
Other $25.9
Drama/ Theater Arts
and Stagecraft
Arts and Humanities $25.8
Astronomy and Astrophysics Sciences $25.6
Engineering, General Engineering $25.5
Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies Other $25.4
Aerospace, Aeronautical,
and Astronautical Engineering
Engineering $25.2
Biological and Physical Sciences Sciences $25.2
Foods, Nutrition, and
Related Services
Health and Medicine $25.2
Biochemical Engineering Engineering $25.1
Information Science/Studies Sciences $25.1
Film/Video and
Photographic Arts
Arts and Humanities $25.0
Social Work Health and Medicine $24.9
Zoology/Animal Biology Sciences $24.7
Civil Engineering Engineering $24.6
City/Urban, Community,
and Regional Planning
Social Sciences $24.5
Criminal Justice and Corrections Social Sciences $24.5
Mechanical Engineering Engineering $24.5
Radio, Television, and
Digital Communication
Other $24.4
Business Administration, Management,
and Operations
Other $24.4
Health and
Physical Education/ Fitness
Health and Medicine $24.2
Accounting Other $24.1
Computer & Information Sciences Sciences $24.0
Public Relations, Advertising,
and Applied Communication
Other $23.9
Chemical Engineering Engineering $23.8
Biology Sciences $23.7
Journalism Other $23.4
Criminology Social Sciences $23.4
Liberal Arts and Sciences,
General Studies and Humanities
Social Sciences $23.3
Botany/Plant Biology Sciences $23.3
Psychology Social Sciences $23.3
Public Health Health and Medicine $23.1
Archeology Social Sciences $23.0
Communication and
Media Studies
Other $22.8
Social Sciences Social Sciences $22.8
Chemistry Sciences $22.8
Hospitality Administration/Management Health and Medicine $22.8
Physics Sciences $22.8
History Social Sciences $22.8
Registered Nursing, Nursing Administration,
Nursing Research, and Clinical Nursing
Health and Medicine $22.6
English Language and Literature Arts and Humanities $22.5
Sociology Social Sciences $22.3
Computer Science Sciences $22.3
Marine Sciences Sciences $22.2
Political Science and Government Social Sciences $22.0
Science, Technology, and
Society
Sciences $21.8
Mathematics Sciences $21.8
Geography and Cartography Social Sciences $21.7
Anthropology Social Sciences $21.7
Animal Sciences Sciences $21.6
Environmental Design Social Sciences $21.2
Agricultural Sciences $20.8
Economics Other $20.7
Statistics Other $20.6
Public Administration Social Sciences $20.6
Philosophy Social Sciences $20.6
International/Global Studies Other $19.9
Business Operations Support and
Assistant Services
Other $19.1
Cognitive Science Sciences $18.1
International and
Comparative Education
Other $13.0

From this dataset we can see that median debt for most Bachelor’s degrees is in the mid $20,000s range. Two outliers at the upper end are Behavioral Sciences ($42,800) and Religious Education ($32,000), while at the lower end we can see Comparative Education ($13,000) and Cognitive Science ($18,100).

Comparative education is a social science that involves the study of education systems, processes, and outcomes across different countries or cultures.

Looking at this data from a broader perspective, we can also see some trends emerge based on field of study. For starters, most Arts and Humanities degrees fall in the upper half of the ranking, while the bottom quarter of the ranking appears to be largely made up of Social Sciences, Sciences, and various business studies.

What About a Master’s Degree?

Education Data Initiative also includes median debt data for master’s degrees.

Major Field of Study 2022 Median Debt
(USD thousands)
Advanced/Graduate Dentistry
and Oral Sciences
Health and Medicine $158,155
Visual and Performing Arts Arts and Humanities $63,830
Radio, Television, and
Digital Communication
Other $55,554
Social Sciences Social Sciences $54,554
Philosophy Social Sciences $54,260
Journalism Other $53,213
Statistics Other $53,174
Clinical, Counseling, and
Applied Psychology
Health and Medicine $51,888
Registered Nursing, Nursing Administration,
Nursing Research, and Clinical Nursing
Health and Medicine $51,420
Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies Other $48,693
Public Relations, Advertising, and
Applied Communication
Other $48,366
Sociology Social Sciences $46,871
Health Professions and
Related Clinical Sciences
Health and Medicine $44,598
English Language and Literature Arts and Humanities $44,301
Political Science and Government Social Sciences $43,853
Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies
and Humanities
Social Sciences $43,408
Finance and
Financial Management Services
Other $43,408
Psychology Social Sciences $43,408
Business Administration, Management,
and Operations
Other $43,251
Economics Other $43,053
Literature Arts and Humanities $42,826
Computer Engineering Engineering $42,647
Public Administration Social Sciences $42,154
Arts, Entertainment,
and Media Management
Arts and Humanities $41,238
History Social Sciences $40,948
Computer & Information Sciences Sciences $40,579
Anthropology Social Sciences $40,428
Biology Sciences $40,265
Architecture Arts and Humanities $39,788
Communication and Media Studies Other $39,270
International/Global Studies Other $37,180
Zoology/Animal Biology Sciences $37,056
Hospitality Administration/Management Other $36,203
Marketing Other $35,738
Criminology Social Sciences $35,318
Computer Science Sciences $35,301
Engineering Engineering $33,235
Health and Physical Education/Fitness Health and Medicine $32,372
Agriculture Sciences $30,676
Geography and Cartography Social Sciences $30,657
Education Other $29,434
Chemistry Sciences $28,912
Accounting Other $28,212
Mechanical Engineering Engineering $26,775
Civil Engineering Engineering $26,180
International Agriculture Sciences $23,275

While obtaining a master’s typically results in a greater amount of student debt, it can actually depend on your major. For instance, the median debt for a master’s in Computer Science is $35,300, which is $7,500 lower than a bachelor’s in Behavioral Science.

The biggest outlier from this list is Graduate Dentistry and Oral Sciences, with a median debt of $158,155. While this may sound like a lot, it should be compared to the average salary of a U.S. dentist, which according to Indeed is $225,400 per year.

Tyler Durden Wed, 10/11/2023 - 23:05

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One city held a mass passport-getting event

A New Orleans congressman organized a way for people to apply for their passports en masse.

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While the number of Americans who do not have a passport has dropped steadily from more than 80% in 1990 to just over 50% now, a lack of knowledge around passport requirements still keeps a significant portion of the population away from international travel.

Over the four years that passed since the start of covid-19, passport offices have also been dealing with significant backlog due to the high numbers of people who were looking to get a passport post-pandemic. 

Related: Here is why it is (still) taking forever to get a passport

To deal with these concurrent issues, the U.S. State Department recently held a mass passport-getting event in the city of New Orleans. Called the "Passport Acceptance Event," the gathering was held at a local auditorium and invited residents of Louisiana’s 2nd Congressional District to complete a passport application on-site with the help of staff and government workers.

A passport case shows the seal featured on American passports.

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'Come apply for your passport, no appointment is required'

"Hey #LA02," Rep. Troy A. Carter Sr. (D-LA), whose office co-hosted the event alongside the city of New Orleans, wrote to his followers on Instagram  (META) . "My office is providing passport services at our #PassportAcceptance event. Come apply for your passport, no appointment is required."

More Travel:

The event was held on March 14 from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. While it was designed for those who are already eligible for U.S. citizenship rather than as a way to help non-citizens with immigration questions, it helped those completing the application for the first time fill out forms and make sure they have the photographs and identity documents they need. The passport offices in New Orleans where one would normally have to bring already-completed forms have also been dealing with lines and would require one to book spots weeks in advance.

These are the countries with the highest-ranking passports in 2024

According to Carter Sr.'s communications team, those who submitted their passport application at the event also received expedited processing of two to three weeks (according to the State Department's website, times for regular processing are currently six to eight weeks).

While Carter Sr.'s office has not released the numbers of people who applied for a passport on March 14, photos from the event show that many took advantage of the opportunity to apply for a passport in a group setting and get expedited processing.

Every couple of months, a new ranking agency puts together a list of the most and least powerful passports in the world based on factors such as visa-free travel and opportunities for cross-border business.

In January, global citizenship and financial advisory firm Arton Capital identified United Arab Emirates as having the most powerful passport in 2024. While the United States topped the list of one such ranking in 2014, worsening relations with a number of countries as well as stricter immigration rules even as other countries have taken strides to create opportunities for investors and digital nomads caused the American passport to slip in recent years.

A UAE passport grants holders visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 180 of the world’s 198 countries (this calculation includes disputed territories such as Kosovo and Western Sahara) while Americans currently have the same access to 151 countries.

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Fast-food chain closes restaurants after Chapter 11 bankruptcy

Several major fast-food chains recently have struggled to keep restaurants open.

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Competition in the fast-food space has been brutal as operators deal with inflation, consumers who are worried about the economy and their jobs and, in recent months, the falling cost of eating at home. 

Add in that many fast-food chains took on more debt during the covid pandemic and that labor costs are rising, and you have a perfect storm of problems. 

It's a situation where Restaurant Brands International (QSR) has suffered as much as any company.  

Related: Wendy's menu drops a fan favorite item, adds something new

Three major Burger King franchise operators filed for bankruptcy in 2023, and the chain saw hundreds of stores close. It also saw multiple Popeyes franchisees move into bankruptcy, with dozens of locations closing.

RBI also stepped in and purchased one of its key franchisees.

"Carrols is the largest Burger King franchisee in the United States today, operating 1,022 Burger King restaurants in 23 states that generated approximately $1.8 billion of system sales during the 12 months ended Sept. 30, 2023," RBI said in a news release. Carrols also owns and operates 60 Popeyes restaurants in six states." 

The multichain company made the move after two of its large franchisees, Premier Kings and Meridian, saw multiple locations not purchased when they reached auction after Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings. In that case, RBI bought select locations but allowed others to close.

Burger King lost hundreds of restaurants in 2023.

Image source: Chen Jianli/Xinhua via Getty

Another fast-food chain faces bankruptcy problems

Bojangles may not be as big a name as Burger King or Popeye's, but it's a popular chain with more than 800 restaurants in eight states.

"Bojangles is a Carolina-born restaurant chain specializing in craveable Southern chicken, biscuits and tea made fresh daily from real recipes, and with a friendly smile," the chain says on its website. "Founded in 1977 as a single location in Charlotte, our beloved brand continues to grow nationwide."

Like RBI, Bojangles uses a franchise model, which makes it dependent on the financial health of its operators. The company ultimately saw all its Maryland locations close due to the financial situation of one of its franchisees.

Unlike. RBI, Bojangles is not public — it was taken private by Durational Capital Management LP and Jordan Co. in 2018 — which means the company does not disclose its financial information to the public. 

That makes it hard to know whether overall softness for the brand contributed to the chain seeing its five Maryland locations after a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing.

Bojangles has a messy bankruptcy situation

Even though the locations still appear on the Bojangles website, they have been shuttered since late 2023. The locations were operated by Salim Kakakhail and Yavir Akbar Durranni. The partners operated under a variety of LLCs, including ABS Network, according to local news channel WUSA9

The station reported that the owners face a state investigation over complaints of wage theft and fraudulent W2s. In November Durranni and ABS Network filed for bankruptcy in New Jersey, WUSA9 reported.

"Not only do former employees say these men owe them money, WUSA9 learned the former owners owe the state, too, and have over $69,000 in back property taxes."

Former employees also say that the restaurant would regularly purchase fried chicken from Popeyes and Safeway when it ran out in their stores, the station reported. 

Bojangles sent the station a comment on the situation.

"The franchisee is no longer in the Bojangles system," the company said. "However, it is important to note in your coverage that franchisees are independent business owners who are licensed to operate a brand but have autonomy over many aspects of their business, including hiring employees and payroll responsibilities."

Kakakhail and Durranni did not respond to multiple requests for comment from WUSA9.

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Industrial Production Increased 0.1% in February

From the Fed: Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization
Industrial production edged up 0.1 percent in February after declining 0.5 percent in January. In February, the output of manufacturing rose 0.8 percent and the index for mining climbed 2.2 p…

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From the Fed: Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization
Industrial production edged up 0.1 percent in February after declining 0.5 percent in January. In February, the output of manufacturing rose 0.8 percent and the index for mining climbed 2.2 percent. Both gains partly reflected recoveries from weather-related declines in January. The index for utilities fell 7.5 percent in February because of warmer-than-typical temperatures. At 102.3 percent of its 2017 average, total industrial production in February was 0.2 percent below its year-earlier level. Capacity utilization for the industrial sector remained at 78.3 percent in February, a rate that is 1.3 percentage points below its long-run (1972–2023) average.
emphasis added
Click on graph for larger image.

This graph shows Capacity Utilization. This series is up from the record low set in April 2020, and above the level in February 2020 (pre-pandemic).

Capacity utilization at 78.3% is 1.3% below the average from 1972 to 2022.  This was below consensus expectations.

Note: y-axis doesn't start at zero to better show the change.


Industrial Production The second graph shows industrial production since 1967.

Industrial production increased to 102.3. This is above the pre-pandemic level.

Industrial production was above consensus expectations.

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