Government
StockWatch: Moderna’s Positive Phase III RSV Vaccine Data Wows Analysts
After the close of trading on Tuesday, Moderna reported positive topline data from its ConquerRSV Phase III pivotal efficacy trial (NCT05127434) of mRNA-1345…
Moderna (MRNA) excited analysts, though not as much investors, with its announcement this week that it planned to file for approval of its mRNA vaccine designed to protect older adults against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) after it demonstrated success in a Phase III trial.
After the close of trading on Tuesday, Moderna reported positive topline data from its ConquerRSV Phase III pivotal efficacy trial (NCT05127434) of mRNA-1345 showing the vaccine candidate to have met the study’s primary efficacy endpoints, including vaccine efficacy (VE) of 83.7% (p<0.0001) against RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease (RSV-LRTD), defined by two or more symptoms.
Based on the data, Moderna said it will file for FDA approval of mRNA-1345 during the first half of this year. If approved, mRNA-1345 would be Moderna’s second vaccine from its mRNA platform to gain authorization after the company’s blockbuster COVID-19 vaccine Spikevax.
The submission plans, and the data underlying them, persuaded three analysts this week to raise their 12-month price targets on Moderna shares.
Michael J. Yee, equity analyst at Jefferies, and colleagues boosted the firm’s Moderna price target 44%, to $275 a share. He observed in a research note Wednesday that Moderna’s VE just edged the 82.6% reported by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) in October 2022 for its RSV vaccine candidate, against RSV lower respiratory tract disease, meeting the primary endpoint of the Phase III AReSVi-006 in adult RSV (NCT04886596).
Moderna’s reported VE clearly surpassed the 66.8% reported in November by Pfizer (PFE) for its bivalent RSV prefusion vaccine candidate RSVpreF (PF-06928316), based on data from the Phase III MATISSE trial (MATernal Immunization Study for Safety and Efficacy; NCT04424316). Last month, the FDA accepted for Priority Review Pfizer’s Biologics License Application (BLA) for RSVpreF to prevent lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV in individuals 60 years of age and older. The agency has set a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) target decision date for RSVpreF of May 2023.
“This further validates the strength of the mRNA platform and allows another potential revenue stream and further opens the door for the potential for combo vaccines which no other platforms can do,” Yee and colleagues wrote.
Two examples of potential combo vaccines in Moderna’s pipeline are mRNA-1230, designed to protect against COVID-19 and influenza as well as RSV; and mRNA-1045, focused on RSV and influenza. Both vaccine candidates are being assessed in a Phase I/II trial launched last year (NCT05585632).
Development scramble
Pfizer and GSK are among companies scrambling to develop RSV vaccines as the disease has seen increases in detections and associated emergency department visits and hospitalizations in several U.S. regions, some nearing seasonal peak levels, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Other companies pursuing development of RSV vaccines for older adults in recent years include Bavarian Nordic (BAVA) and Johnson & Johnson (JNJ). Bavarian Nordic said last month it had completed its planned enrollment of subjects in a global Phase III trial of its MVA-BN® RSV in adults ≥60 years of age, with more than 20,000 subjects enrolled at 120 sites across the United States and Germany. In December 2021, J&J’s Janssen Pharmaceutical Cos. announced vaccine efficacy of 70% to 80% in adults aged 65 and older in data from its Phase IIb CYPRESS trial (NCT03982199).
As for RSV in infants, AstraZeneca (AZN) and Sanofi (SAN) won European Commission approval in November for their vaccine Beyfortus (nirsevimab) to prevent RSV lower respiratory tract disease in newborns and infants during their first RSV season. According to the companies, Beyfortus is the first and only single-dose RSV passive immunization for the broad infant population, including those born healthy, at term or preterm, or with specific health conditions.
Geulah Livshits, PhD, a senior research analyst at Chardan covering biotech companies, raised the firm’s price target on Moderna 9%, from $191 to $208 a share. Also raising his firm’s Moderna price target 9% was Mani Foroohar, MD, senior managing director, genetic medicines, and a senior research analyst with SVB Securities—from $102 to $111 a share.
“Based on high-level comparison with VE from RSV vaccines from competitors PFE, GSK, and JNJ, we see these results as likely approvable and plausibly competitive with those agents,” Foroohar wrote, before cautioning: “This limited, topline disclosure offers an incomplete picture for comparison, and any numerical differences should consequently be taken with a grain of salt.”
Reducing market size estimate
Foroohar’s SVB colleague David Risinger, head of diversified biopharmaceutical research and a senior managing director, in October dialed back his estimate on the total size of the potential market for RSV vaccines for older adults, from the $7 billion he projected in August 2022 to $6 billion.
Risinger cited the assumption that prices for RSV vaccines would be lower than first forecasted as multiple jabs enter the market—the same reason why he also reduced his estimate of the size of market for RSV vaccines for infants from $3.1 billion to $2.7 billion.
The potential for a second revenue stream couldn’t come at a better time for Moderna. During the recent J.P. Morgan Healthcare Conference, Moderna CEO Stéphane Bancel presented unaudited results showing that Spikevax finished last year with approximately $18.4 billion in revenue—a 4% increase from the $17.675 billion the COVID-19 vaccine generated in 2021, and within the $18 billion to $19 billion range forecasted by the company in November when it released third-quarter 2022 results.
However, Moderna’s 2022 revenue for Spikevax fell 16% below the company’s initial guidance to investors last year, which projected that the vaccine would rack up $22 billion. For 2023, Moderna is forecasting that sales of Spikevax will start at a “floor” or at least $5 billion, reflecting confirmed advance purchase agreements and 2022 contract deferrals—namely between $2 billion and $3 billion worth of contracted sales of the COVID-19 vaccine.
The enthusiasm shown by analysts was not matched by investors. Moderna’s shares only rose 7% on the news, climbing from $190.69 to $203.21 in after-hours trading Tuesday, before settling for a 3% gain, closing at $197.02 on Wednesday. Moderna shares slid 3% to $190.38 on Thursday.
Leaders and Laggards
- Aceragen (ACGN) shares tumbled 33% from $8.64 to $5.76 on Thursday, the company’s second trading day since changing its name from Idera Pharmaceuticals and its symbol from IDRA, through a 1-for-17 reverse stock split that enabled the company to regain compliance with Nasdaq listing standards. This year, Aceragen said it expects to read out Phase II data for ACG-701, a treatment for acute pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis; and launch a Phase II/III trial in Farber disease for ACG-801 upon lifting of a clinical hold.
- Calyxt (CLXT) shares zoomed 90% on Tuesday, from $0.186 to $0.353, after the company announced plans to merge with Cibus to form a combined company intended to lead in agricultural-focused gene editing—specifically in the production of renewable low-carbon ingredients and the development of a new class of productivity traits via Cibus’ Rapid Trait Development System (RTDS®) platform. Cibus is launching three such traits: one in canola and two in rice with transfers to customers for commercialization beginning in the first half of 2023. The companies will merge via an all-stock transaction whose value was not disclosed.
- Celyad Oncology (CYAD) shares nearly tripled, rocketing 197% between January 13 and Wednesday, from $0.799 to $2.37, following a trading surge where 65.34 million shares changed hands Tuesday and 20.1 million shares the following day. The stock has more than tripled (up 228%) since December 21, when Celyad halted development of its relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma candidate CYAD-211 after a strategic and financial review as part of its Celyad 2.0 strategy, which includes prioritizing discovery research to address limitations of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies by modulating multiple genes through the short hairpin RNA platform, developing a next-generation NKG2D-based CAR, and develop B7-H6-targeting immunotherapies.
- NeuroSense Therapeutics (NRSN) shares soared 78% on Thursday, from $1.25 to $2.22 after it announced positive final results from a biomarker study of the company’s TDP-43 combination platform therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Results showed elevated levels of TDP-43, the transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa, in Alzheimer’s disease. NeuroSense said it planned to commence a Phase II double-blind proof-of-concept study in Alzheimer’s in the first half of 2023. TDP-43 is known to colocalize with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, suggesting a direct interaction between TDP-43 and amyloid-β (Aβ) or tau, according to the company.
The post StockWatch: Moderna’s Positive Phase III RSV Vaccine Data Wows Analysts appeared first on GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News.
nasdaq covid-19 cdc disease control vaccine treatment fda genetic therapy rna dna european germanySpread & Containment
Three Years To Slow The Spread: COVID Hysteria & The Creation Of A Never-Ending Crisis
Three Years To Slow The Spread: COVID Hysteria & The Creation Of A Never-Ending Crisis
Authored by Jordan Schachtel via ‘The Dossier’…

Authored by Jordan Schachtel via 'The Dossier' Substack,
Last Thursday marked the three year anniversary of the infamous “15 Days To Slow The Spread” campaign.
By March 16, yours truly was already pretty fed up with both the governmental and societal “response” to what was being baselessly categorized as the worst pandemic in 100 years, despite zero statistical data supporting such a serious claim.
The Moment That Shook the World: "15 Days to Slow the Spread" (March 16, 2020)
— The Vigilant Fox ???? (@VigilantFox) March 16, 2023
Fauci: "In states with evidence of community transmission, bars, restaurants, food courts, gyms, and other indoor and outdoor venues where groups of people congregate should be https://t.co/T9CGrYFNjv… https://t.co/SwDYBgN438 pic.twitter.com/k5oaU36YAR
I was living in the Washington, D.C. Beltway at the time, and it was pretty much impossible to find a like-minded person within 50 miles who also wasn’t taking the bait. After I read about the news coming out of Wuhan in January, I spent much of the next couple weeks catching up to speed and reading about what a modern pandemic response was supposed to look like.
What surprised me most was that none of “the measures” were mentioned, and that these designated “experts” were nothing more than failed mathematicians, government doctors, and college professors who were more interested in policy via shoddy academic forecasting than observing reality.
Within days of continually hearing their yapping at White House pressers, It quickly became clear that the Deborah Birx’s and Anthony Fauci’s of the world were engaging in nothing more than a giant experiment. There was no an evidence-based approach to managing Covid whatsoever. These figures were leaning into the collective hysteria, and brandishing their credentials as Public Health Experts to demand top-down approaches to stamping out the WuFlu.
DeSantis on Covid lockdowns: “So I call and say, ‘Deborah [Birx], tell me: when in American history has this been done?’ And she says, ‘It’s kind of our own science experiment that we’re doing in real time.’”
— Dr. Eli David (@DrEliDavid) March 14, 2023
Lockdowns were Fauci's “science experiment”????pic.twitter.com/K7H8NIBPaV
To put it bluntly, these longtime government bureaucrats had no idea what the f—k they were doing. Fauci and his cohorts were not established or reputable scientists, but authoritarians, charlatans, who had a decades-long track record of hackery and corruption. This Coronavirus Task Force did not have the collective intellect nor the wisdom to be making these broad brush decisions.
Back then, there were only literally a handful of people who attempted to raise awareness about the wave of tyranny, hysteria, and anti-science policies that were coming our way. There were so few of us back in March in 2020 that it was impossible to form any kind of significant structured resistance to the madness that was unfolding before us. These structures would later form, but not until the infrastructure for the highway to Covid hysteria hell had already been cemented.
Making matters worse was the reality that the vast majority of the population — friends, colleagues, peers and family included — agreed that dissenters were nothing more than reckless extremists, bioterrorists, Covid deniers, anti-science rabble rousers, and the like.
Yet we were right, and we had the evidence and data to prove it. There was no evidence to ever support such a heavy-handed series of government initiatives to “slow the spread.”
By March 16, 2020, data had already accumulated indicating that this contagion would be no more lethal than an influenza outbreak.
The February, 2020 outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship provided a clear signal that the hysteria models provided by Bill Gates-funded and managed organizations were incredibly off base. Of the 3,711 people aboard the Diamond Princess, about 20% tested positive with Covid. The majority of those who tested positive had zero symptoms. By the time all passengers had disembarked from the vessel, there were 7 reported deaths on the ship, with the average age of this cohort being in the mid 80s, and it wasn’t even clear if these passengers died from or with Covid.
Despite the strange photos and videos coming out of Wuhan, China, there was no objective evidence of a once in a century disease approaching America’s shores, and the Diamond Princess outbreak made that clear.
Of course, it wasn’t the viral contagion that became the problem.
It was the hysteria contagion that brought out the worst qualities of much of the global ruling class, letting world leaders take off their proverbial masks in unison and reveal their true nature as power drunk madmen.
And even the more decent world leaders were swept up in the fear and mayhem, turning over the keys of government control to the supposed all-knowing Public Health Experts.
They quickly shuttered billions of lives and livelihoods, wreaking exponentially more havoc than a novel coronavirus ever could.
In the United States, 15 Days to Slow The Spread quickly became 30 Days To Slow The Spread. Somewhere along the way, the end date for “the measures” was removed from the equation entirely.
3 years later, there still isn’t an end date…
Anthony Fauci appeared on MSNBC Thursday morning and declared that Americans would need annual Covid boosters to compliment their Flu shots.
NEW - Fauci: Americans will likely need "a booster shot once a year."pic.twitter.com/Ec0zSWhV2b
— Disclose.tv (@disclosetv) March 16, 2023
So much of the Covid hysteria era was driven by pseudoscience and outright nonsense, and yet, very few if any world leaders took it upon themselves to restore sanity in their domains. Now, unsurprisingly, so many elected officials who were complicit in this multi-billion person human tragedy won’t dare to reflect upon it.
In a 1775 letter from John Adams to his wife, Abigail, the American Founding Father wrote:
“Liberty once lost is lost forever. When the People once surrender their share in the Legislature, and their Right of defending the Limitations upon the Government, and of resisting every Encroachment upon them, they can never regain it.”
Covid hysteria and the 3 year anniversary of 15 Days To Slow The Spread serves as the beginning period of a permanent scar resulting from government power grabs and federal overreach.
While life is back to normal in most of the country, the Overton window of acceptable policy has slid even further in the direction of push-button tyranny. Hopefully, much of the world has awakened to the reality that most of the people in charge aren’t actually doing what’s best for their respective populations.
International
Economic Death Spiral
Economic Death Spiral
Authored by Robert Stark via Substack,
Fed Trap: Financial Collapse or Hyper Inflation?
With this banking crisis,…

Authored by Robert Stark via Substack,
Fed Trap: Financial Collapse or Hyper Inflation?
With this banking crisis, which has serious Lehman vibes, it is a good time to revisit my article, Is This The End of The End of History, from March of last year. The article dealt with the theme of collapse vs stagnation, and historical cycles, in light of the Ukraine war, the post-pandemic climate, the onset of inflation, and speculation about economic collapse. A point of mine, that has especially been vindicated, is that “a delay in the Fed raising interest rates, could cause a short term rally in stocks, further expanding the bubble. The bigger the bubble, the worse inflation gets, and the longer the Fed keeps delaying raising rates, the worse the crash will be down the road.” For the most part, most of my geopolitical and economic forecasts have come true, though I actually predicted an economic collapse to occur sooner, which actually vindicates that point, that kicking the can down the road will just create a much worse crisis.
Despite countless signs of economic volatility, the recent bank failures, with shockwaves to the entire financial system, are a turning point, where it is clear that there is going to be a severe economic downturn. For instance, Elon Musk recently said, lot of current year similarities to 1929, and Moody’s cut the outlook on the entire U.S. banking system to negative from stable, citing a "rapidly deteriorating operating environment." Even the perma bulls, mainstream media, and financial “experts,” can no longer deny the obvious signs of economic peril. However, the bullish propaganda was still strong as recently as January, which was really the bulls’ last gasp, with the monkey rally, in response to the Fed only raising interest rates by .25 points, plus economic data showing record low unemployment plus a dip in inflation.
It is important to emphasize that the same figures in media, banking, and government, who were recently shilling a soft landing or mild recession, were previously saying that inflation is transitory. It is especially laughable to think that there are people who take someone like CNBC’s, Jim Cramer, seriously, who in 2008 told his audience don’t be silly on Bear Stearns, right before it crashed, and more recently shilled for Silicon Valley Bank, and is still predicting a soft landing. A lot of the recent propaganda is practically identical to right before the 08 crash, as well as during stagflation in the 70s, and even before the Great Depression, as the media has vested economic and political interests in propping up the markets. The financial YouTuber, Maverick of Wall Street, brilliantly uses this “self-love” gif of Jack Nicholson, from the film, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, as a metaphor for whenever perma-bulls see any data that may signify a Fed pivot, causing stocks to rally. As the desperation really kicks in, expect further talk of a soft landing, as well as more rallies in stocks, as we saw in response to the bailouts, as well as desperate investors switching back and forth between the NASDAQ and S&P500, which happened in 08. So any return to bullish sentiment is actually a sign of greater economic catastrophe. The stock market rallying over bad economy news, as a sign of a potential pivot, just further shows that the markets are not a good metric for the health of the economy. Not to mention that the top 1% own over half of all stocks.
It has always been the case with bubbles, that the greater the size of the bubble, the more copes to deny reality, and the more vested interests there are in preventing the inevitable crash. Certainly many corporations and banks have made economic decisions based upon an assumption of a soft landing or Fed pivot. This also explains the gaslighting to justify that the 2010s economic boom, especially in tech, was based upon productivity and innovation, when it was primary due to Fed monetary policy, plus data mining in the case of Big Tech. While it is silly for conservatives to blame wokeness as the primary culprit of bank failures, wokeness and bullshit DEI jobs, are a symptom of the corruption that Fed policy enabled.
Fed Balance Sheet: Return to QE
The current banking crisis is triggering more stock buybacks, and a return to Quantitative Easing with the bank bailouts, including plans to inject another $2 Trillion into the banking system, on top of the $300 billion increase in the Fed’s Balance Sheet, in just the last week. This seems counter intuitive, as QE caused inflation, but the economy is so addicted to the “Cocaine,” that is cheap money. So basically quantitative tightening is being implemented and interest rates raised to stop inflation, but as soon as the first major economic disruption of raising rates is felt, then a return to financial policies to further prop up the bubble, causing more inflation. Now the Fed is trapped with two bad options, raise rates or pivot, both of which will lead to inevitable economic doom.
Populists can talk about nationalizing the banks into public debt free banking, and Austrian School libertarians can call for ending the Fed, and returning to a gold standard. While it is true that the Federal Reserve is a corrupt system, that is quasi private in how private banks own shares, the reality is that we are stuck with this system of relying upon the Fed’s interest rates, for the incoming economic crisis. If the Fed continues raising rates, there will be a liquidity crisis, with more bank failures. While interest rates were close to zero, banks used uninsured deposits to both invest in securities and purchase bonds, and thanks to fractional reserve banking, banks are only required to hold a fraction of deposits. So when rates rose, bonds fell in value and unrealized losses surged, so the banks were not able to pay off their depositors.
Regional banks make up about half of all US banking, so any contagion in the banking system, as people and businesses move their deposits to mega banks, deemed “too big to fail,” could trigger a Depression. One of the main reasons that the economy has not crashed sooner is because more people have been tapping into their savings and maxing out their credit cards. However, high interest rates will cause many people to default on their credit card debt, which will exacerbate the banking crisis. Not to mention Auto loans defaults wiping out credit unions, and the potential for another mortgage crisis, due to rising mortgage rates. There is a ripple effect, as far as rising interest rates being felt by debt holders, and now is just the tip of the iceberg. This could end up being a multifaceted debt crisis, in banking, corporate debt, personal debt, and government debt.
Besides the Fed likely pivoting soon due to the banking crisis, higher rates will make interest payments on the National Debt too expensive to pay off, risking a default on government debt. Overall levels of debt, both public and private, are much worse than when Fed Chair, Volcker, raised rates very high to successfully quell inflation. Any freeze in Federal spending or a default on the national debt, in response to the debt ceiling, will crash the economy, and any major extension in the debt ceiling will accelerate inflation. There is a good chance that inflation will be tolerated, with the dollar greatly devalued, to make government debt cheaper so that creditors eat the costs.
Source: Peter G. Peterson Foundation
A tight labor market is the main case that the bulls make to prove a strong economy. However, the official BLS jobs numbers are “baked” to exclude those who have given up on seeking employment, as well as counting 2nd or 3rd jobs. Not to mention that the BLS numbers were exposed by the Fed as overstating 1 million jobs during 2022. Even if one accepts the “baked” numbers, layoffs have a lagging effect on unemployment, including by industry (eg. tech layoffs before service sector). Now new jobless claims have grown at the fastest pace since Lehman'. It is also noteworthy that just about every recession has been preceded by low unemployment numbers. The increase in layoffs will put further pressure on the Fed to pivot, which on top of increased unemployment benefits, will cause inflation to surge again. This creates another doom loop, as inflation leads to more unemployment, as consumers are forced to cut back on spending.
Source: ZeroHedge
While bulls can say that this time is different from past crashes, all of the signs are pointing to this crisis being much worse than previous crashes. For instance, the economic recovery, after Volcker was done raising rates to fight inflation, was possible because of lower levels of debt, but the US has never entered a recession with debt/GDP at 125% and deficit/GDP at 7% in at least 85 years. Also the fallout of the 2008 crash was mitigated by a strong dollar, which also minimized the effects of inflation last year, but inflation will surge if the dollar is weakened. Despite signs of a pivot, the Fed has been moving much faster to fight inflation, then in the past, even with Volker. This crisis is also unique in that rates are being raised while entering a severe recession, and inflation could coincide mass layoffs. While the general assumption is that severe economic downturns are deflationary, financial commentator, Peter Schiff, makes a compelling case as for why an Inflationary Depression is a likelihood. Under this nightmare scenario, which would be much worse than even the Great Depression, inflation will negate any of the remedies that ended past crises, such as the New Deal, quantitative easing in 08, and the covid stimulus. Other signs of economic peril include, the steepest yield curve inversion since the early 80s recession, which is a barometer that has predicted just about every single recession, a major decline in ISM manufacturing sales, a big decline in savings rates, and Americans’ credit card debt approaching a record $1 Trillion.
This is the perfect storm with inflation, stagflation, recession, a potential debt crisis, as well as energy and supply chain issues. With this bubble to end all bubbles or too big to fail on steroids, the Fed has two choices, cause a liquidity crisis by shrinking the money supply, or letting inflation rip. While raising rates appears to be the least bad of these two options, further rate hikes are futile with the return of QE. A combo of QE plus interest rates having to remain high, is what could lead to that scenario of inflationary financial collapse, that Peter Schiff warned about. Though most likely it will either be long term stagflation or a deflationary Depression. This is not a hyperbole, nor clickbait, but a Depression is a very real possibility, especially if policy makers continue to kick the can down the road, to prop up the bubble.
* * *
International
From the bed sheets to the TV remote, a microbiologist reveals the shocking truth about dirt and germs in hotel rooms
The filthy secrets of hotel rooms and why you might want to pack disinfectant on your next trip.

For most of us, staying in a hotel room is either something of a necessity – think business travel – or something to look forward to as part of a holiday or wider excursion.
But what if I told you there’s a large chance your hotel room, despite how it might appear to the naked eye, isn’t that clean. And even if it’s an expensive room, that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s any less dirty.
Indeed, whoever has stayed in your room prior to you will have deposited bacteria, fungi and viruses all over the furniture, carpets, curtains and surfaces. What remains of these germ deposits depends on how efficiently your room is cleaned by hotel staff. And let’s face it, what is considered clean by a hotel might be different to what you consider clean.
Typically, assessment of hotel room cleanliness is based on sight and smell observations –- not on the invisible microbiology of the space, which is where the infection risks reside. So let’s take a deep dive into the world of germs, bugs and viruses to find out what might be lurking where.
It starts at the lift
Before you even enter your room, think of the hotel lift buttons as germ hotspots. They are being pressed all the time by many different people, which can transfer microorganisms onto the button surface, as well back onto the presser’s fingers.
Communal door handles can be similar in terms of germ presence unless sanitised regularly. Wash your hands or use a hand sanitiser after using a handle before you next touch your face or eat or drink.
The most common infections people pick up from hotel rooms are tummy bugs – diarrhoea and vomiting – along with respiratory viruses, such as colds and pneumonia, as well as COVID-19, of course.

Toilets and bathrooms tend to be cleaned more thoroughly than the rest of a hotel room and are often the least bacteriologically colonised environments.
Though if the drinking glass in the bathroom is not disposable, wash it before use (body wash or shampoo are effective dishwashers), as you can never be sure if they’ve been cleaned properly. Bathroom door handles may also be colonised by pathogens from unwashed hands or dirty washcloths.
Beware the remote
The bed, sheets and pillows can also be home to some unwanted visitors. A 2020 study found that after a pre-symptomatic COVID-19 patient occupied a hotel room there was significant viral contamination of many surfaces, with levels being particularly high within the sheets, pillow case and quilt cover.
While sheets and pillowcases may be more likely to be changed between occupants, bedspreads may not, meaning these fabrics may become invisible reservoirs for pathogens – as much as a toilet seat. Though in some cases sheets aren’t always changed between guests, so it may be better to just bring your own.
Less thought about is what lives on the hotel room desk, bedside table, telephone, kettle, coffee machine, light switch or TV remote – as these surfaces aren’t always sanitised between occupancies.

Viruses such as the norovirus can live in an infectious form for days on hard surfaces, as can COVID-19 – and the typical time interval between room changeovers is often less than 12 hours.
Soft fabric furnishings such as cushions, chairs, curtains and blinds are also difficult to clean and may not be sanitised other than to remove stains between guests, so washing your hands after touching them might be a good idea.
Uninvited guests
If all those germs and dirty surfaces aren’t enough to contend with, there are also bedbugs to think about. These bloodsucking insects are experts at secreting themselves into narrow, small spaces, remaining dormant without feeding for months.
Small spaces include the cracks and crevices of luggage, mattresses and bedding. Bed bugs are widespread throughout Europe, Africa, the US and Asia – and are often found in hotels. And just because a room looks and smells clean, doesn’t mean there may not be bed bugs lurking.

Fortunately, bed bug bites are unlikely to give you a transmissible disease, but the bite areas can become inflamed and infected. For the detection of bedbugs, reddish skin bites and blood spots on sheets are signs of an active infestation (use an antiseptic cream on the bites).
Other signs can be found on your mattress, behind the headboard and inside drawers and the wardrobe: brown spots could be remains of faeces, bed bug skins are brownish-silvery looking and live bed bugs are brown coloured and typically one to seven millimetres in length.
Inform the hotel if you think there are bed bugs in your room. And to avoid taking them with you when you checkout, carefully clean your luggage and clothes before opening them at home.
As higher-status hotels tend to have more frequent room usage, a more expensive room at a five-star hotel does not necessarily mean greater cleanliness, as room cleaning costs reduce profit margins. So wherever you’re staying, take with you a pack of antiseptic wipes and use them on the hard surfaces in your hotel room.
Also, wash or sanitise your hands often – especially before you eat or drink anything. And take slippers or thick socks with you so you can avoid walking barefoot on hotel carpets – known to be another dirt hotspot. And after all that, enjoy your stay.
Primrose Freestone does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
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