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Sri Lanka’s Economic Collapse: A Timeline
Starting around 2016, Sri Lanka’s economy was beset by a series of fiscal and economic policy missteps. The COVID-19 pandemic only worsened an economy…

Starting around 2016, Sri Lanka's economy was beset by a series of fiscal and economic policy missteps. The COVID-19 pandemic only worsened an economy plagued by mismanagement, trade deficits, and weak foreign reserves. By September 2022, Sri Lanka turned to the International Monetary Fund for help.
Below is a visual timeline of some of the key events that punctuated the country’s economic decline, followed by a plaintext version. A full and detailed explanation of the collapse and its causes and effects can be found here.
A Timeline of Events Leading to Sri Lanka’s Economic Collapse
2016–2017: Drought leads to poor harvests of rice and other crops, threatening food security. Sri Lankan government provides relief to farmers, putting a strain on the national budget.
October 2018: Sri Lanka plunges into a political crisis when the president appoints Mahinda Rajapaksa (a member of a family that has been closely involved with Sri Lanka’s politics and economy for decades) as the new prime minister, replacing the incumbent premier who was dismissed by the president. International investment toward Sri Lanka is tested.
April 2019: Islamic fundamentalists target several churches and luxury hotels in terror attacks known as the Easter Sunday bombings. Tourism is affected.
November 2019: Sri Lanka overhauls the tax code, including a reduction of personal income tax on the highest earners and a drastic cut in the value-added tax to 8% from 15%.
March 2020: Sri Lanka implements COVID-19 protocols—lockdowns, travel restrictions, and border closing—across the country. Starts to tap into its foreign currency reserves, slipping by around $400 million to $7.5 billion.
April 2020: Gotabaya Rajapaksa becomes president in parliamentary elections, while his brother Mahinda continues on as prime minister.
May 2021: Sri Lanka bans imports of fertilizer, in a move to reduce demand for U.S. dollars as foreign currency reserves slip to $4 billion. Switching to local organic fertilizers disrupts the farming industry.
November 2021: Inflation rate rises to double-digit levels, at 11.1%. Foreign currency reserves dip to less than $2 billion, at $1.588 billion.
March 2022: Thousands of Sri Lankans begin to take to the streets, upset over the government’s mishandling of the economy, highlighted by fuel shortages and rolling blackouts. The current-account deficit widens in the first quarter to $1.3 billion.
May 2022: Sri Lanka’s currency sharply depreciates, to around 350 rupees per U.S. dollar, from around 200 in March.
July 2022: Gotabaya Rajapaksa steps down as president, following Mahinda, who resigned as prime minister two months earlier.
August 2022: Central Bank of Sri Lanka starts raising key interest rates to double-digit levels, in response to the pick-up in inflation. Its Standing Deposit Facility Rate, which is its overnight interest rate, jumps to 13.5% from 6.5%.
September 2022: Inflation rate soars to 69.8%, the fastest during Sri Lanka’s economic crisis. Sri Lanka turns to the International Monetary Fund for emergency aid. Sri Lanka increases value-added tax to 15% from 12% to boost government revenue. VAT is restored to the level prior to the 2019 tax reform.
November 2022: Public protests wane as fuel shortages ease and power outages become less frequent.
January 2023: Central bank eases on monetary policy by reducing key interest rates.
March 2023: IMF proposes a $3 billion economic package with austerity measures to revive the economy and strengthen fiscal policy.
May 2023: Inflation rate drops to 25.2%.
monetary policy pandemic covid-19 interest ratesUncategorized
I Say We’re Setting Up For A Major Bottom
It’s almost impossible to call market tops and market bottoms using basic technical analysis tools like price and volume. Don’t get me wrong, that combination…

It's almost impossible to call market tops and market bottoms using basic technical analysis tools like price and volume. Don't get me wrong, that combination is my favorite during trend-following periods. But trying to spot bearish reversals is difficult when price action keeps riding higher and higher. The same is true in trying to spot bullish reversals when prices keep moving lower and lower. Maybe that seems unconventional to hard-core technicians, but I believe it's the reality. Too many folks say "when this line crosses that line, then this will happen". To me, that's following technical analysis and wearing blinders. Just my two cents.
I use technical price action to confirm what other signals are suggesting. We get plenty of signals on a regular basis - some short-term in nature, others long-term - if we're only willing to listen. While I've been bullish since June 2022, I do recognize short-term warning signals that tell us that risks of remaining long have increased substantially. In mid-July, I turned very cautious short-term and discussed those signals in a "Your Daily 5" episode that aired on July 19th. Let me pull up an S&P 500 chart, so you can see where U.S. equities stood when I fired this warning shot:
There were several reasons for the stock market bulls to hit quicksand. Tesla (TSLA), a Wall Street darling and a favorite stock of mine, suggested a possible 20% drop. That call aired the day of TSLA's top and TSLA fell closer to 30% in less than one month. These signals work and help us to manage risk! As I always say, they do NOT guarantee future price action, but they make us aware of increasing risk and that's how you invest more successfully. Since that July top, I've encouraged our EB members to tread very cautiously, whatever that means to each individual member. To some, it's being in cash. To others, it might simply mean to avoid leverage on the long side. But this cautious period is coming to an end.
If you want to see what was discussed on July 19th and why I felt the stock market was in short-term trouble, check out the Your Daily 5 recording on YouTube!
I absolutely LOVE when my signals take the opposite view of the masses. And now that everyone believes we're resuming the prior bear market, my signals are saying HOGWASH. Could we continue to proceed lower? Sure. There are never any guarantees with the stock market. But I see signs that suggest shorting is a VERY HIGH RISK strategy, with those risks growing every day. I'm discussing one major reason why in our FREE EB Digest newsletter that will be published early Monday morning, before the stock market opens. If you're not already an EB Digest subscriber, it's 100% free with no credit card required. Simply CLICK HERE and enter your name and email address. I'll discuss Reason #1 to turn bullish tomorrow morning. And I'll also focus on other reasons to be thinking bullish thoughts when I publish the EB Digest on Wednesday and Friday. Don't wait until it's too late. Check them out NOW!
Happy trading!
Tom
sp 500 equitiesUncategorized
Highlights from My Week’s Reading
Natalię Dowzicky, “How Florida Beat California to High-Speed Rail,” Reason, September 20, 2023.
Excerpt:
Not only is Brightline the first privately…

Natalię Dowzicky, “How Florida Beat California to High-Speed Rail,” Reason, September 20, 2023.
Excerpt:
Not only is Brightline the first privately funded intercity rail line in the U.S., but it’s also the fastest train in the country outside of the northeast corridor. Topping out at 125 mph in Florida, it will travel from Miami to Orlando in about three hours. For comparison, the Amtrak in the area takes about six and a half hours to complete that same trip.
Mike Reininger, CEO of Brightline, told Reason that passenger rail makes commercial sense under specific conditions, such as the case in Florida, where it connects two populous, tourist-friendly cities that are about 250 miles apart. At that distance, Reininger says, “It is too far to drive and too short to fly. You can approximate the time of flying significantly, improve the time of driving, and you can offer it at a price point that makes it an economic proposition.”
Not surprisingly, though, Brightline has become a subsidy sucker.
Romina Boccia, “Social Security Benefits are Growing Too Fast,” Cato at Liberty, September 21, 2023.
Excerpt:
When a Social Security‐eligible worker’s benefits are first calculated, this worker’s past wages are indexed to bring them to the same level as today’s earnings. This is called wage indexing and is based on the growth in average wages in the economy. When the Social Security Administration (SSA) first indexes a worker’s lifetime covered earnings, it does so using the SSA’s Average Wage Index (AWI). The AWI includes all wages that are subject to federal income tax, including wages in excess of the taxable Social Security maximum payroll tax threshold.
Wage indexing gives retirees a benefit amount that reflects the increase in the standard of living over their working careers—even if they didn’t earn commensurate wages. It’s like giving workers retroactive credit for improvements in the economy, including for wage improvements among the highest income earners.
Definitely worth reading carefully.
Christopher Wilcox, “Truck This: Why I’m Leaving the Long-Haul Industry,” American Institute for Economic Research, September 21, 2023.
Excerpt:
More recently, environmental regulations requiring manufacturers to reduce emissions gave us the diesel particulate filter (DPF), an exhaust treatment system that replaces a standard muffler. While there is no current federal mandate requiring a DPF, the filters are required by the 2008 California Statewide Truck and Bus Rule, which has incentivized many nationwide fleets to adopt them. The problem with DPFs is the filter system clogs. A lot.
When DPFs go down, trucks roll to a stop. Truckers report having to have a DPF serviced as often as every 5,000 miles, which means lots of lost productivity and stranded cargo. I’ve had four breakdowns over the past two years, and three were due to my DPF. A tow truck driver I spoke to on one of those occasions told me half of his business comes from malfunctioning DPFs. Repairs are a specialized affair, and replacements can cost up to $2,000. When my truck isn’t moving, I’m not earning. And these regulators have required that my truck stand still far too often.
Of course California is in the forefront of regulation.
Fiona Harrigan, “Biden Administration Announces New Measures to Get Migrants to Work,” Reason, September 21 2023.
Excerpt:
Yesterday, the Biden administration announced new actions to help get recent immigrants to work, including offering almost half a million Venezuelans a status that will let them live and work in the U.S. legally for the next 18 months. The new measures come at a critical time, as labor shortages persist and cities struggle to provide for newcomers.
Certain Venezuelan migrants are eligible for temporary protected status (TPS), a designation offered to migrants who can’t safely return to their home countries due to armed conflict, environmental disaster, or another temporary safety hazard. Venezuela was first designated for TPS in 2021 due to a severe political and economic crisis perpetuated by Nicolás Maduro’s regime. Under that designation, Venezuelans who came to the U.S. before March 2021 qualified for protection; now, the status will apply to Venezuelans who arrived before the end of July this year. There are currently 16 countries designated for TPS.
If I understand the program correctly, it sounds good: let them work instead of forcing taxpayers to subsidize their living expenses. It’s win-win-win for immigrants, employers and consumers, and taxpayers.
James Herndon, “Keep the Washington Consensus,” Law & Liberty, September 21, 2023.
Excerpt:
Despite those deliberate omissions, synergies still allowed the Consensus to exceed the sum of its parts. Opening up foreign direct investment eased privatization. Privatization enabled balanced budgets. Balanced budgets limited inflation, which encouraged foreign direct investment. The common denominators were respect and restraint: leaders had to trust that firms and citizens knew better than the bureaucrats how best to allocate their own labor and resources. That’s why the Consensus’ first beneficiary was always likely to be the poor. After all, funding for primary education and basic healthcare does far more to reduce poverty than subsidies for diesel fuel and national airlines.
In short, Williamson promoted policies that enabled sustainable growth in developing countries with respect for their autonomy and an emphasis on raising prospects for the least fortunate. The Left never forgave him.
It’s the nicest treatment of the Washington Consensus that I’ve read. Lots of good nuggets.
(0 COMMENTS) subsidies treatment
Uncategorized
Miss Universe denies link with recently unveiled coin project
The Miss Universe Organization said that there is no Miss Universe cryptocurrency or blockchain offering involved with the Miss Universe or Miss Universe…

The Miss Universe Organization said that there is no Miss Universe cryptocurrency or blockchain offering involved with the Miss Universe or Miss Universe Philippines.
The Miss Universe Organization has denied any association with the Miss Universe Coin project announced at the Philippine Blockchain Week (PBW) event held earlier this month. PBW said that they are in contact with all involved parties and will post an update soon.
Earlier this month, a project called Miss Universe Coin was announced at PBW. Donald Lim, the founder of the organization managing the PBW, said during the event that the PBW will “launch the Miss Universe Coin.” However, weeks after the announcement, the official organization behind Miss Universe has denied any association with the coin project and called it a fraud.

On Sept. 22, the Miss Universe official Facebook page announced that the Miss Universe Organization and JKN Global Group, the company behind the pageant, are not associated with the coin project that was unveiled at the PBW event. According to the organization, it will be pursuing “all legal options with regards to this infringement.”
“There is currently no Miss Universe cryptocurrency or blockchain offering, and these products are in no way involved with the voting or selection process for Miss Universe or the Miss Universe Philippines pageants,” they wrote.
Related: JPEX hikes withdrawal fee to almost $1K after Hong Kong watchdog warning
In a statement sent to Cointelegraph, a representative from the Miss Universe Organization claimed that the Miss Universe Coin is a "fraud," and they expect it to be further announced in other events across the globe. “We suspect that people may be planning to mention this at upcoming blockchain conferences in Dubai and Singapore. If you see it there, please do not cover, it's a fraud,” they said.
— Philippine Blockchain Week (@philblockchain) September 24, 2023
In a statement on X (formerly Twitter), PBW said that they are currently in contact with all of the parties involved and will announce an update as soon as possible. Cointelegraph reached out to the Philippine Blockchain Week but did not get an immediate response.
Magazine: Chinese billionaire’s $1B fraud charges, Kwon’s $11M bet, Zhu Su and Islam: Asia Express
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