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NASA interns extending internetworking off-world

Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center This summer, a cohort of NASA interns helped develop network protocols that will extend internet-like services deep into the solar system. The Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program interns at NASA’s.

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Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

This summer, a cohort of NASA interns helped develop network protocols that will extend internet-like services deep into the solar system.

The Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program interns at NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland and Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, made invaluable contributions to Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN), which will revolutionize space communications. DTN will serve as the backbone for LunaNet, a communications architecture that will empower NASA to establish a sustained presence on the Moon as part of the Artemis program.

The network protocol that enables the terrestrial internet, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), relies on an uninterrupted connection for data transference. In space, missions can often have long delays, or latency, and disruptions due to orbital dynamics that make using TCP/IP challenging. DTN will make NASA’s networks flexible enough to overcome these issues.

For example, a transmission sent to Mars from Earth can take up to 20 minutes to arrive. Confirming receipt of the message takes another 20 minutes. Using conventional TCP/IP, missions would have to wait 40 minutes to confirm receipt of each piece of data before transmitting the next. With DTN, NASA can send multiple data bundles consecutively and confirm receipt of multiple bundles with one reply.

In another example of the system’s utility, a rover on Mars has a clear connection with a relay satellite, but the relay satellite doesn’t have a clear link to Earth. Using TCP/IP, the mission would need to wait until both links became available, but with DTN the rover can send bundles to the relay satellite and the relay can hold onto the data until it has a link home.

DTN’s benefits won’t just impact distant missions at Mars. Spacecraft near Earth — like the International Space Station and the upcoming Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission — are using DTN to enhance their capabilities. Remote places on Earth with limited connectivity, like McMurdo Station in Antarctica, can also benefit from DTN.

DTN Interns at Goddard Space Flight Center

At NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, six SCaN interns worked on a diverse set of projects that rapidly advance the technology and infuse it into mission architectures.

Alex Scott

Alex Scott, a seasoned NASA intern, studies computer science at the University of Maryland, College Park. His previous SCaN internships focused on DTN network management. This summer, Scott served as a liaison for new interns working with DTN. Scott familiarized interns with DTN and taught them how to use DTN software based on knowledge accrued during previous internships at Goddard.

Additionally, Scott laid the groundwork for the intern’s projects by building reference DTN software configurations, which helped him explain DTN to the new interns while jumpstarting their projects.

David Trimino

David Trimino, a computer science student at the University of Texas at Arlington, helped implement a DTN testbed. The virtual environment simulates communications between a ground DTN node and a flight DTN node on a high-altitude balloon or a CubeSat. Trimino’s testbed and accompanying user guide will allow NASA engineers to experiment with DTN capabilities.

“I’d never really dealt with a network like this before, but I got a really solid introduction to how these nodes communicate,” said Trimino. “I got to really see what’s under the hood.”

Ryan Daugherty

Ryan Daugherty, a computer engineering student at North Carolina State University, catalogued the required installation process for a DTN ground node. This program repository and related documentation will simplify implementing new DTN ground nodes, making it more straightforward for new users to adopt DTN.

“It can take hours or days to install and troubleshoot a new DTN ground node, but cloning a node using this documentation could take as few as 15 minutes,” said Daugherty. Clear documentation can result in substantial time savings for NASA.

NASA Intern Reema Amhaz

NASA intern Reema Amhaz made contributions to NASA’s Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) effort during her 2020 Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program internship at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

Credits: NASA/Reema Amhaz

Reema Amhaz

Reema Amhaz, a computer and data science student at New York University, worked on an interface that automates and displays network performance metrics for data transmission in a DTN network simulator. Amhaz’s tool will help foster a better understanding of the network architecture and its capabilities.

“It’s exciting to help develop this emerging technology — one that will vastly improve NASA’s capabilities on future missions,” said Amhaz. “I’ve learned how to enhance network performance and found real-world applications of the data science and programming techniques I’ve learned in school.”

Rowan Parker

Rowan Parker, an applied mathematics and software engineering student at the Oregon Institute of Technology, performed systems engineering analysis of the next version of Bundle Protocol (BP), a key DTN component. She investigated the application of the current version of BP, as well as novel uses for the newest iteration. During her research, Parker developed requirements for further implementation of DTN and documented her findings.

“I haven’t had many opportunities to elevate myself to systems-level thinking in my academic career,” said Parker. “Having this opportunity to gain this skill — especially in an applied sense — has been really special.”

NASA Intern Shane Hitch

NASA intern Shane Hitch made contributions to NASA’s Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) effort during his 2020 Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program internship at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

Credits: NASA/Shane Hitch

Shane Hitch

Shane Hitch, a software engineering student at Valley City State University in North Dakota, researched DTN cybersecurity. He played the role of an ethical hacker, imagining potential security vulnerabilities and making recommendations on protecting NASA’s expanding DTN network against cyber-attacks.

“I can imagine people out on Mars one day streaming videos over these networks — that’s really cool,” said Hitch. “It’s practically like starting a whole new network. It feels like when people were making the internet back in the 70s.”

DTN Interns at Glenn Research Center

At NASA’s Glenn Research Center, two SCaN interns worked on High-Speed DTN (HDTN), a research effort that focuses almost solely on the performance speeds of DTN/BP. The team developed a web dashboard that displays HDTN telemetry.

NASA Intern Brendan Blasius

NASA intern Brendan Blasius made contributions to NASA’s Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) effort during his 2020 Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program internship at Glenn Research Center in Cleveland.

Credits: NASA/Brendan Blasius

NASA Intern Jason Fantl

NASA intern Jason Fantl made contributions to NASA’s Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) effort during his 2020 Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program internship at Glenn Research Center in Cleveland.

Credits: NASA/Jason Fantl

Brendan Blasius and Jason Fantl

Brendan Blasius, a computer science student at the University of California, Merced, and Jason Fantl, a computer science and math student at the University of Wyoming, built a graphical user interface that visualizes the HDTN network. The display allows HDTN engineers to understand and analyze software performance quickly.

In addition to developing the display, Fantl and Blasius explored ways to apply artificial intelligence to optimize data transference over DTN/BP. Using machine learning, they hoped to “teach” the system to become even faster over time.

“Machine learning,as it turns out,is very difficult to apply to networking,” said Fantl. “We’re trying to apply it to storage and message fragmentation to see if we can be more efficient.”

Fantl and Blasius learned a lot about space communications over their time with SCaN — specifically how NASA is overcoming tomorrow’s challenges today. Their hands-on internships gave them practical work experience while developing a useful tool for the agency.

“The main takeaway from this internship would be experience in web design,” said Blasius. “We learned to develop a website from the ground up.”

The Value of a NASA Internship

The 2020 summer intern cohort faced unique challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite participating in virtual internships, the tangible results of their work were immense. The eight interns, spread across the country and working remotely for two separate NASA centers, united to enable bold communications technologies that will empower the agency to explore deeper into the solar system.

That’s the value of a NASA internship. These exciting opportunities educate and inspire the next generation of aerospace professionals while infusing intern innovation into the agency ecosystem.

DTN has been developed collaboratively by NASA, academic institutions, and commercial industry. The SCaN program is creating NASA’s DTN networks to Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards.

###

To learn more about DTN, check out episode 13 of NASA’s “The Invisible Network” podcast.

By Danny Baird

NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.

Media Contact
Danny Baird
daniel.s.baird@nasa.gov

Original Source

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/Goddard/2020/nasa-interns-extending-internetworking-off-world/

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Government

Harvard Medical School Professor Was Fired Over Not Getting COVID Vaccine

Harvard Medical School Professor Was Fired Over Not Getting COVID Vaccine

Authored by Zachary Stieber via The Epoch Times (emphasis ours),

A…

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Harvard Medical School Professor Was Fired Over Not Getting COVID Vaccine

Authored by Zachary Stieber via The Epoch Times (emphasis ours),

A Harvard Medical School professor who refused to get a COVID-19 vaccine has been terminated, according to documents reviewed by The Epoch Times.

Martin Kulldorff, epidemiologist and statistician, at his home in Ashford, Conn., on Feb. 11, 2022. (Samira Bouaou/The Epoch Times)

Martin Kulldorff, an epidemiologist, was fired by Mass General Brigham in November 2021 over noncompliance with the hospital’s COVID-19 vaccine mandate after his requests for exemptions from the mandate were denied, according to one document. Mr. Kulldorff was also placed on leave by Harvard Medical School (HMS) because his appointment as professor of medicine there “depends upon” holding a position at the hospital, another document stated.

Mr. Kulldorff asked HMS in late 2023 how he could return to his position and was told he was being fired.

You would need to hold an eligible appointment with a Harvard-affiliated institution for your HMS academic appointment to continue,” Dr. Grace Huang, dean for faculty affairs, told the epidemiologist and biostatistician.

She said the lack of an appointment, combined with college rules that cap leaves of absence at two years, meant he was being terminated.

Mr. Kulldorff disclosed the firing for the first time this month.

“While I can’t comment on the specifics due to employment confidentiality protections that preclude us from doing so, I can confirm that his employment agreement was terminated November 10, 2021,” a spokesperson for Brigham and Women’s Hospital told The Epoch Times via email.

Mass General Brigham granted just 234 exemption requests out of 2,402 received, according to court filings in an ongoing case that alleges discrimination.

The hospital said previously, “We received a number of exemption requests, and each request was carefully considered by a knowledgeable team of reviewers.

A lot of other people received exemptions, but I did not,” Mr. Kulldorff told The Epoch Times.

Mr. Kulldorff was originally hired by HMS but switched departments in 2015 to work at the Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, which is part of Mass General Brigham and affiliated with HMS.

Harvard Medical School has affiliation agreements with several Boston hospitals which it neither owns nor operationally controls,” an HMS spokesperson told The Epoch Times in an email. “Hospital-based faculty, such as Mr. Kulldorff, are employed by one of the affiliates, not by HMS, and require an active hospital appointment to maintain an academic appointment at Harvard Medical School.”

HMS confirmed that some faculty, who are tenured or on the tenure track, do not require hospital appointments.

Natural Immunity

Before the COVID-19 vaccines became available, Mr. Kulldorff contracted COVID-19. He was hospitalized but eventually recovered.

That gave him a form of protection known as natural immunity. According to a number of studies, including papers from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, natural immunity is better than the protection bestowed by vaccines.

Other studies have found that people with natural immunity face a higher risk of problems after vaccination.

Mr. Kulldorff expressed his concerns about receiving a vaccine in his request for a medical exemption, pointing out a lack of data for vaccinating people who suffer from the same issue he does.

I already had superior infection-acquired immunity; and it was risky to vaccinate me without proper efficacy and safety studies on patients with my type of immune deficiency,” Mr. Kulldorff wrote in an essay.

In his request for a religious exemption, he highlighted an Israel study that was among the first to compare protection after infection to protection after vaccination. Researchers found that the vaccinated had less protection than the naturally immune.

“Having had COVID disease, I have stronger longer lasting immunity than those vaccinated (Gazit et al). Lacking scientific rationale, vaccine mandates are religious dogma, and I request a religious exemption from COVID vaccination,” he wrote.

Both requests were denied.

Mr. Kulldorff is still unvaccinated.

“I had COVID. I had it badly. So I have infection-acquired immunity. So I don’t need the vaccine,” he told The Epoch Times.

Dissenting Voice

Mr. Kulldorff has been a prominent dissenting voice during the COVID-19 pandemic, countering messaging from the government and many doctors that the COVID-19 vaccines were needed, regardless of prior infection.

He spoke out in an op-ed in April 2021, for instance, against requiring people to provide proof of vaccination to attend shows, go to school, and visit restaurants.

The idea that everybody needs to be vaccinated is as scientifically baseless as the idea that nobody does. Covid vaccines are essential for older, high-risk people and their caretakers and advisable for many others. But those who’ve been infected are already immune,” he wrote at the time.

Mr. Kulldorff later co-authored the Great Barrington Declaration, which called for focused protection of people at high risk while removing restrictions for younger, healthy people.

Harsh restrictions such as school closures “will cause irreparable damage” if not lifted, the declaration stated.

The declaration drew criticism from Dr. Anthony Fauci, head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and Dr. Rochelle Walensky, who became the head of the CDC, among others.

In a competing document, Dr. Walensky and others said that “relying upon immunity from natural infections for COVID-19 is flawed” and that “uncontrolled transmission in younger people risks significant morbidity(3) and mortality across the whole population.”

“Those who are pushing these vaccine mandates and vaccine passports—vaccine fanatics, I would call them—to me they have done much more damage during this one year than the anti-vaxxers have done in two decades,” Mr. Kulldorff later said in an EpochTV interview. “I would even say that these vaccine fanatics, they are the biggest anti-vaxxers that we have right now. They’re doing so much more damage to vaccine confidence than anybody else.

Surveys indicate that people have less trust now in the CDC and other health institutions than before the pandemic, and data from the CDC and elsewhere show that fewer people are receiving the new COVID-19 vaccines and other shots.

Support

The disclosure that Mr. Kulldorff was fired drew criticism of Harvard and support for Mr. Kulldorff.

The termination “is a massive and incomprehensible injustice,” Dr. Aaron Kheriaty, an ethics expert who was fired from the University of California–Irvine School of Medicine for not getting a COVID-19 vaccine because he had natural immunity, said on X.

The academy is full of people who declined vaccines—mostly with dubious exemptions—and yet Harvard fires the one professor who happens to speak out against government policies.” Dr. Vinay Prasad, an epidemiologist at the University of California–San Francisco, wrote in a blog post. “It looks like Harvard has weaponized its policies and selectively enforces them.”

A petition to reinstate Mr. Kulldorff has garnered more than 1,800 signatures.

Some other doctors said the decision to let Mr. Kulldorff go was correct.

“Actions have consequence,” Dr. Alastair McAlpine, a Canadian doctor, wrote on X. He said Mr. Kulldorff had “publicly undermine[d] public health.”

Tyler Durden Sat, 03/16/2024 - 21:00

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“Extreme Events”: US Cancer Deaths Spiked In 2021 And 2022 In “Large Excess Over Trend”

"Extreme Events": US Cancer Deaths Spiked In 2021 And 2022 In "Large Excess Over Trend"

Cancer deaths in the United States spiked in 2021…

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"Extreme Events": US Cancer Deaths Spiked In 2021 And 2022 In "Large Excess Over Trend"

Cancer deaths in the United States spiked in 2021 and 2022 among 15-44 year-olds "in large excess over trend," marking jumps of 5.6% and 7.9% respectively vs. a rise of 1.7% in 2020, according to a new preprint study from deep-dive research firm, Phinance Technologies.

Algeria, Carlos et. al "US -Death Trends for Neoplasms ICD codes: C00-D48, Ages 15-44", ResearchGate, March. 2024 P. 7

Extreme Events

The report, which relies on data from the CDC, paints a troubling picture.

"We show a rise in excess mortality from neoplasms reported as underlying cause of death, which started in 2020 (1.7%) and accelerated substantially in 2021 (5.6%) and 2022 (7.9%). The increase in excess mortality in both 2021 (Z-score of 11.8) and 2022 (Z-score of 16.5) are highly statistically significant (extreme events)," according to the authors.

That said, co-author, David Wiseman, PhD (who has 86 publications to his name), leaves the cause an open question - suggesting it could either be a "novel phenomenon," Covid-19, or the Covid-19 vaccine.

"The results indicate that from 2021 a novel phenomenon leading to increased neoplasm deaths appears to be present in individuals aged 15 to 44 in the US," reads the report.

The authors suggest that the cause may be the result of "an unexpected rise in the incidence of rapidly growing fatal cancers," and/or "a reduction in survival in existing cancer cases."

They also address the possibility that "access to utilization of cancer screening and treatment" may be a factor - the notion that pandemic-era lockdowns resulted in fewer visits to the doctor. Also noted is that "Cancers tend to be slowly-developing diseases with remarkably stable death rates and only small variations over time," which makes "any temporal association between a possible explanatory factor (such as COVID-19, the novel COVID-19 vaccines, or other factor(s)) difficult to establish."

That said, a ZeroHedge review of the CDC data reveals that it does not provide information on duration of illness prior to death - so while it's not mentioned in the preprint, it can't rule out so-called 'turbo cancers' - reportedly rapidly developing cancers, the existence of which has been largely anecdotal (and widely refuted by the usual suspects).

While the Phinance report is extremely careful not to draw conclusions, researcher "Ethical Skeptic" kicked the barn door open in a Thursday post on X - showing a strong correlation between "cancer incidence & mortality" coinciding with the rollout of the Covid mRNA vaccine.

Phinance principal Ed Dowd commented on the post, noting that "Cancer is suddenly an accelerating growth industry!"

Continued:

Bottom line - hard data is showing alarming trends, which the CDC and other agencies have a requirement to explore and answer truthfully - and people are asking #WhereIsTheCDC.

We aren't holding our breath.

Wiseman, meanwhile, points out that Pfizer and several other companies are making "significant investments in cancer drugs, post COVID."

Phinance

We've featured several of Phinance's self-funded deep dives into pandemic data that nobody else is doing. If you'd like to support them, click here.

 

Tyler Durden Sat, 03/16/2024 - 16:55

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Government

“I Can’t Even Save”: Americans Are Getting Absolutely Crushed Under Enormous Debt Load

"I Can’t Even Save": Americans Are Getting Absolutely Crushed Under Enormous Debt Load

While Joe Biden insists that Americans are doing great…

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"I Can't Even Save": Americans Are Getting Absolutely Crushed Under Enormous Debt Load

While Joe Biden insists that Americans are doing great - suggesting in his State of the Union Address last week that "our economy is the envy of the world," Americans are being absolutely crushed by inflation (which the Biden admin blames on 'shrinkflation' and 'corporate greed'), and of course - crippling debt.

The signs are obvious. Last week we noted that banks' charge-offs are accelerating, and are now above pre-pandemic levels.

...and leading this increase are credit card loans - with delinquencies that haven't been this high since Q3 2011.

On top of that, while credit cards and nonfarm, nonresidential commercial real estate loans drove the quarterly increase in the noncurrent rate, residential mortgages drove the quarterly increase in the share of loans 30-89 days past due.

And while Biden and crew can spin all they want, an average of polls from RealClear Politics shows that just 40% of people approve of Biden's handling of the economy.

Crushed

On Friday, Bloomberg dug deeper into the effects of Biden's "envious" economy on Americans - specifically, how massive debt loads (credit cards and auto loans especially) are absolutely crushing people.

Two years after the Federal Reserve began hiking interest rates to tame prices, delinquency rates on credit cards and auto loans are the highest in more than a decade. For the first time on record, interest payments on those and other non-mortgage debts are as big a financial burden for US households as mortgage interest payments.

According to the report, this presents a difficult reality for millions of consumers who drive the US economy - "The era of high borrowing costs — however necessary to slow price increases — has a sting of its own that many families may feel for years to come, especially the ones that haven’t locked in cheap home loans."

The Fed, meanwhile, doesn't appear poised to cut rates until later this year.

According to a February paper from IMF and Harvard, the recent high cost of borrowing - something which isn't reflected in inflation figures, is at the heart of lackluster consumer sentiment despite inflation having moderated and a job market which has recovered (thanks to job gains almost entirely enjoyed by immigrants).

In short, the debt burden has made life under President Biden a constant struggle throughout America.

"I’m making the most money I've ever made, and I’m still living paycheck to paycheck," 40-year-old Denver resident Nikki Cimino told Bloomberg. Cimino is carrying a monthly mortgage of $1,650, and has $4,000 in credit card debt following a 2020 divorce.

Nikki CiminoPhotographer: Rachel Woolf/Bloomberg

"There's this wild disconnect between what people are experiencing and what economists are experiencing."

What's more, according to Wells Fargo, families have taken on debt at a comparatively fast rate - no doubt to sustain the same lifestyle as low rates and pandemic-era stimmies provided. In fact, it only took four years for households to set a record new debt level after paying down borrowings in 2021 when interest rates were near zero. 

Meanwhile, that increased debt load is exacerbated by credit card interest rates that have climbed to a record 22%, according to the Fed.

[P]art of the reason some Americans were able to take on a substantial load of non-mortgage debt is because they’d locked in home loans at ultra-low rates, leaving room on their balance sheets for other types of borrowing. The effective rate of interest on US mortgage debt was just 3.8% at the end of last year.

Yet the loans and interest payments can be a significant strain that shapes families’ spending choices. -Bloomberg

And of course, the highest-interest debt (credit cards) is hurting lower-income households the most, as tends to be the case.

The lowest earners also understandably had the biggest increase in credit card delinquencies.

"Many consumers are levered to the hilt — maxed out on debt and barely keeping their heads above water," Allan Schweitzer, a portfolio manager at credit-focused investment firm Beach Point Capital Management told Bloomberg. "They can dog paddle, if you will, but any uptick in unemployment or worsening of the economy could drive a pretty significant spike in defaults."

"We had more money when Trump was president," said Denise Nierzwicki, 69. She and her 72-year-old husband Paul have around $20,000 in debt spread across multiple cards - all of which have interest rates above 20%.

Denise and Paul Nierzwicki blame Biden for what they see as a gloomy economy and plan to vote for the Republican candidate in November.
Photographer: Jon Cherry/Bloomberg

During the pandemic, Denise lost her job and a business deal for a bar they owned in their hometown of Lexington, Kentucky. While they applied for Social Security to ease the pain, Denise is now working 50 hours a week at a restaurant. Despite this, they're barely scraping enough money together to service their debt.

The couple blames Biden for what they see as a gloomy economy and plans to vote for the Republican candidate in November. Denise routinely voted for Democrats up until about 2010, when she grew dissatisfied with Barack Obama’s economic stances, she said. Now, she supports Donald Trump because he lowered taxes and because of his policies on immigration. -Bloomberg

Meanwhile there's student loans - which are not able to be discharged in bankruptcy.

"I can't even save, I don't have a savings account," said 29-year-old in Columbus, Ohio resident Brittany Walling - who has around $80,000 in federal student loans, $20,000 in private debt from her undergraduate and graduate degrees, and $6,000 in credit card debt she accumulated over a six-month stretch in 2022 while she was unemployed.

"I just know that a lot of people are struggling, and things need to change," she told the outlet.

The only silver lining of note, according to Bloomberg, is that broad wage gains resulting in large paychecks has made it easier for people to throw money at credit card bills.

Yet, according to Wells Fargo economist Shannon Grein, "As rates rose in 2023, we avoided a slowdown due to spending that was very much tied to easy access to credit ... Now, credit has become harder to come by and more expensive."

According to Grein, the change has posed "a significant headwind to consumption."

Then there's the election

"Maybe the Fed is done hiking, but as long as rates stay on hold, you still have a passive tightening effect flowing down to the consumer and being exerted on the economy," she continued. "Those household dynamics are going to be a factor in the election this year."

Meanwhile, swing-state voters in a February Bloomberg/Morning Consult poll said they trust Trump more than Biden on interest rates and personal debt.

Reverberations

These 'headwinds' have M3 Partners' Moshin Meghji concerned.

"Any tightening there immediately hits the top line of companies," he said, noting that for heavily indebted companies that took on debt during years of easy borrowing, "there's no easy fix."

Tyler Durden Fri, 03/15/2024 - 18:00

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