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Innovative Trends in the Evolution of Blockchain Technology

Over the last year, the decentralized finance space has been making waves in financial sectors.

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This article was originally published by Coin Telegraph.

Over time, networks have evolved to cater to different needs, and with Web 3.0, blockchain isn’t just decentralizing power in financial systems.

Over the last year, the decentralized finance space has been making waves in the financial sector, building on blockchain technology to decentralize a multitude of banking services. The adoption of DeFi services has been steadily on the rise, and all kinds of assets are making their way onto the blockchain.

With nonfungible tokens popularizing digital art ownership representations, blockchain technology is creeping into the most unexpected places, and DeFi is fuelling its expansion. These unique and sometimes quite valuable tokens are especially relevant today, with art galleries closed due to restrictions pertaining to the global pandemic and cultural experiences now taking place online more than ever before.

During 2020, DeFi saw an explosion in the kinds of ways liquidity can be generated, with marketplaces for financial products, community-based social and governance tokens, and unique art pieces. Today, a significant amount of Bitcoin (BTC) is used as a store of value, but that isn’t what it was created for. Slow transaction times, high fees and a history of rising value hinder Bitcoin’s use as a payments system, but that hasn’t stopped the blockchain industry from creating others.

The advent of programmable smart contracts catalyzed the formation of our modern decentralized finance ecosystem, making financial services accessible to anyone with an internet connection. The expensive overheads of centralized banks have made international transfers slow and uneconomical for most use cases. However, by implementing a set of interweaving protocols, decentralized finance delivers alternative ways of distributing value to different communities across the world.

The traditional financial system works for most, but it could be doing a lot better. While blockchain isn’t quite ready to take the mantle from it, today’s decentralized networks have big ambitions, and as access to digital assets continues to improve, people around the world are increasingly engaging with the global economy sans trusted intermediaries, banks or lawyers. With more development resources allocated to DeFi systems than ever before, blockchain is the next frontier for any financial services company worldwide.

Scattered but strong

The internet has changed how data and information flow across the world, and this evolution of communication channels has had a profound effect on the banking system. As the world begins to shift to platforms that offer quicker registrations, faster service and more reliable products, the ways of centralized banking stick out in stark contrast.

Smart contract platforms allow people to interact with several decentralized applications using a single financial identity. With nearly 2 billion people on the planet not having access to financial services, lowering the barrier for entry is in everyone’s best interests.

In fact, even some centralized banks have started offering cryptocurrency custodial services, allowing users to store their cryptocurrencies in a secure manner with a party that can be held responsible for its security. While this might seem like it goes against the ethos of decentralization and blockchain, centralized custodial services might actually be beneficial for the broader industry.

Brian Kerr, CEO of the Kava DeFi platform, told Cointelegraph: “To me, having a bank use Kava on the back end to deliver loans and great APYs safely to their users is a natural progression of banks, finance and the evolution of fintech services.”

According to Kerr, holding cryptocurrencies is much scarier for the average citizen than fiat, since transfers cannot be reversed, making errors all the more costly. “I believe banks supporting digital asset custody is a great step to making crypto available to mainstream users,” he said.

However, as fintech companies continue to improve their products and services to provide better experiences to the end-user, the current schema for development hasn’t been altered much in the last few decades. Furthermore, as pointed out by Anton Bukov, co-founder of the 1inch decentralized exchange aggregator, as banks start to provide huge amounts of stablecoin liquidity to DeFi platforms, APY for lending and borrowing will decrease in the future.

Over time, networks have evolved to cater to different needs, and with Web 3.0, blockchain isn’t just decentralizing power in financial systems; it’s redefining value. In the near future, these systems are likely set to grow stronger and will eventually be seen as a valuable proposition for all kinds of businesses.

Analyzing AMMs

The introduction of automated market makers was a critical factor contributing to both decentralized finance and blockchain’s overall growth during 2020. Before AMMs, decentralized exchanges weren’t nearly as popular as they are currently. Instead of using order books to match trades in a decentralized manner, AMMs make users trade with a smart contract, improving liquidity and removing counter-party risk.

With decentralized exchanges like Uniswap occasionally reporting volumes higher than Coinbase Pro, there’s talk of whether centralized exchanges are sustainable in the long run. However, while DEXs have certainly improved over the last couple of years, replacing order-book exchanges doesn’t appear to be on its agenda.

“Centralized exchanges will always have a leg up in terms of user experience, creativity and trust with their user base,” said Kerr, noting how centralized exchanges offer services that are essential to the space, such as fiat on-ramps, regulatory compliance and better mobile app user experiences.

While trading fees have become increasingly competitive, so too have the services offered by cryptocurrency exchanges. From initial exchange offerings and staking to lending and borrowing services, exchanges could begin to defend their positions by increasing margins from other lines of business and face competition from their decentralized counterparts. “Just as banks don’t earn on deposits, they earn on the back-end services and cross-selling of other financial products — so too will centralized exchanges as the industry advances,” Kerr said. Bukov added:

“Coinbase named DEXs as one of the biggest risk factors for their business during preparations for the upcoming IPO. I think they could try to compete in this space, too, while offering their own L1 solutions or DEXs, for example.”

In a nutshell, an AMM consists of token pair pools, where their ratio in the pool determines the price of the individual tokens. Uniswap is currently the most popular AMM DEX, allowing anyone to join liquidity pools for any token pair. This provides liquidity to the pools while pushing some risk to participants for a share of returns.

As AMMs become more and more complex, some platforms have even incorporated features such as multi-token liquidity pools and more efficient algorithms for calculating asset prices. Unlike IEOs, there are no gatekeepers preventing someone from launching a token or platform, and while this can be exploited by users with malicious intent, it could lead to some very interesting projects over the years to come.

Interoperability is in

While most DeFi applications currently run on Ethereum, interoperability is slowly becoming a reality. This will give developers the freedom to choose different platforms to best suit their individual decentralized applications. With platforms like Cosmos and the Substrate-based Polkadot, developers can now even create interoperable blockchains tailored to their application’s requirements.

Today, developers rely on monolithic layer-one blockchains that provide open smart contracting platforms. “These platforms try to do everything well and nothing great,” said the Kava CEO. “In the future with interoperability, these platforms will remain useful for prototyping, but developers will select the most specialized and optimized services for their app and use cases.”

One of the biggest trends of late 2020 was the heightened demand for access to Ethereum’s liquidity and economic activity on other blockchain-based protocols. From wrapped Bitcoin (wBTC) to blockchain-based data storage, the space has seen a surge in activity on cross-chain platforms.

For example, Kava built with the Cosmos framework has seen significant growth, offering collateralized loans and staking opportunities for various cryptocurrencies. The platform uses its Kava token for governance and to secure the network through staking.

Such governance tokens enable network participants to vote on critical parameters such as the system’s global debt limit, collateral ratio and savings rate. In cases where the system is undercollateralized, the Kava token even acts as a reserve currency to be minted and sold until the system is recollateralized.

Related: Ethereum network in a fee spin: Can the Berlin upgrade save the day?

Both Ethereum and Cosmos require a significantly higher number of validators per chain than Polkadot. Compared to Ethereum’s 111 validators per shard, Polkadot’s claim of offering equivalent security at a minimum of five validators per chain requires more analysis.

Polkadot’s low minimum number more easily allows for collusion between validators for individual parachains, and the DOT slashed from malicious validators is slashed from nominators as well. Along with the lack of a minimum stake requirement, this could lead to some risky situations from a nominator’s perspective.

Cross-chain crossroads

Decentralized finance’s growth has been unprecedented and overwhelming. Monthly DEX volumes have crossed $55 billion, which is also how much the total stablecoin market capitalization currently is. DeFi outstanding debt is over $9 billion, but decentralized finance is still a toddler against the broader financial services industry.

With fresh innovation constantly around the corner, there’s good reason to believe accessibility and variability among DeFi applications will improve with time. As gas costs on Ethereum continue to fluctuate, at times to prohibitive levels, blockchain projects are racing to create better scalability solutions such as layer-two protocols. Ethereum 2.0 promises to solve many of the issues currently faced by its predecessor, but how well the network will perform in practice will only be known in time.

Furthermore, as long as gas costs keep fluctuating, DeFi protocols will continue to attempt to poach users and, in turn, liquidity from Ethereum. Another problem the DeFi space faces as an infant industry is its reliance on an experienced user base. Today’s applications are usually designed for traders familiar with DeFi systems in mind and offer services that aren’t always useful to the average consumer, such as auditing tools and on-chain data oracles.

As the industry continues to extend its functions, projects are continually creating better utilities for DeFi tokens. Some platforms now even allow using nonfungible tokens as collateral for peer-to-peer loans, increasing the liquidity of these digital collectibles to the level of any other monetized asset.

“I believe strongly in the future of NFTs as a primitive or financial construct. However, NFTs today are mostly stupid,” said Kerr. While NFTs are incredibly powerful as a concept and despite bringing the power of blockchain technology to fields such as real estate and intellectual property, DeFi needs deep, liquid markets to consider a collateral asset useful. “It will be a long time before NFTs are useful as collateral in DeFi. By definition, NFT markets are very illiquid and thus make for horrible collateral,” he added.

According to 1inch co-founder Bukov: “Decentralized Finance projects should issue NFTs, sell them at auctions, and donate a significant part of profits to charity.” DeFi’s progress over the last few years shows promise for its future, but while DeFi has accomplished a lot in its brief ongoing lifespan, its best years are likely yet to come.

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Are Voters Recoiling Against Disorder?

Are Voters Recoiling Against Disorder?

Authored by Michael Barone via The Epoch Times (emphasis ours),

The headlines coming out of the Super…

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Are Voters Recoiling Against Disorder?

Authored by Michael Barone via The Epoch Times (emphasis ours),

The headlines coming out of the Super Tuesday primaries have got it right. Barring cataclysmic changes, Donald Trump and Joe Biden will be the Republican and Democratic nominees for president in 2024.

(Left) President Joe Biden delivers remarks on canceling student debt at Culver City Julian Dixon Library in Culver City, Calif., on Feb. 21, 2024. (Right) Republican presidential candidate and former U.S. President Donald Trump stands on stage during a campaign event at Big League Dreams Las Vegas in Las Vegas, Nev., on Jan. 27, 2024. (Mario Tama/Getty Images; David Becker/Getty Images)

With Nikki Haley’s withdrawal, there will be no more significantly contested primaries or caucuses—the earliest both parties’ races have been over since something like the current primary-dominated system was put in place in 1972.

The primary results have spotlighted some of both nominees’ weaknesses.

Donald Trump lost high-income, high-educated constituencies, including the entire metro area—aka the Swamp. Many but by no means all Haley votes there were cast by Biden Democrats. Mr. Trump can’t afford to lose too many of the others in target states like Pennsylvania and Michigan.

Majorities and large minorities of voters in overwhelmingly Latino counties in Texas’s Rio Grande Valley and some in Houston voted against Joe Biden, and even more against Senate nominee Rep. Colin Allred (D-Texas).

Returns from Hispanic precincts in New Hampshire and Massachusetts show the same thing. Mr. Biden can’t afford to lose too many Latino votes in target states like Arizona and Georgia.

When Mr. Trump rode down that escalator in 2015, commentators assumed he’d repel Latinos. Instead, Latino voters nationally, and especially the closest eyewitnesses of Biden’s open-border policy, have been trending heavily Republican.

High-income liberal Democrats may sport lawn signs proclaiming, “In this house, we believe ... no human is illegal.” The logical consequence of that belief is an open border. But modest-income folks in border counties know that flows of illegal immigrants result in disorder, disease, and crime.

There is plenty of impatience with increased disorder in election returns below the presidential level. Consider Los Angeles County, America’s largest county, with nearly 10 million people, more people than 40 of the 50 states. It voted 71 percent for Mr. Biden in 2020.

Current returns show county District Attorney George Gascon winning only 21 percent of the vote in the nonpartisan primary. He’ll apparently face Republican Nathan Hochman, a critic of his liberal policies, in November.

Gascon, elected after the May 2020 death of counterfeit-passing suspect George Floyd in Minneapolis, is one of many county prosecutors supported by billionaire George Soros. His policies include not charging juveniles as adults, not seeking higher penalties for gang membership or use of firearms, and bringing fewer misdemeanor cases.

The predictable result has been increased car thefts, burglaries, and personal robberies. Some 120 assistant district attorneys have left the office, and there’s a backlog of 10,000 unprosecuted cases.

More than a dozen other Soros-backed and similarly liberal prosecutors have faced strong opposition or have left office.

St. Louis prosecutor Kim Gardner resigned last May amid lawsuits seeking her removal, Milwaukee’s John Chisholm retired in January, and Baltimore’s Marilyn Mosby was defeated in July 2022 and convicted of perjury in September 2023. Last November, Loudoun County, Virginia, voters (62 percent Biden) ousted liberal Buta Biberaj, who declined to prosecute a transgender student for assault, and in June 2022 voters in San Francisco (85 percent Biden) recalled famed radical Chesa Boudin.

Similarly, this Tuesday, voters in San Francisco passed ballot measures strengthening police powers and requiring treatment of drug-addicted welfare recipients.

In retrospect, it appears the Floyd video, appearing after three months of COVID-19 confinement, sparked a frenzied, even crazed reaction, especially among the highly educated and articulate. One fatal incident was seen as proof that America’s “systemic racism” was worse than ever and that police forces should be defunded and perhaps abolished.

2020 was “the year America went crazy,” I wrote in January 2021, a year in which police funding was actually cut by Democrats in New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Denver. A year in which young New York Times (NYT) staffers claimed they were endangered by the publication of Sen. Tom Cotton’s (R-Ark.) opinion article advocating calling in military forces if necessary to stop rioting, as had been done in Detroit in 1967 and Los Angeles in 1992. A craven NYT publisher even fired the editorial page editor for running the article.

Evidence of visible and tangible discontent with increasing violence and its consequences—barren and locked shelves in Manhattan chain drugstores, skyrocketing carjackings in Washington, D.C.—is as unmistakable in polls and election results as it is in daily life in large metropolitan areas. Maybe 2024 will turn out to be the year even liberal America stopped acting crazy.

Chaos and disorder work against incumbents, as they did in 1968 when Democrats saw their party’s popular vote fall from 61 percent to 43 percent.

Views expressed in this article are opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Epoch Times or ZeroHedge.

Tyler Durden Sat, 03/09/2024 - 23:20

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Veterans Affairs Kept COVID-19 Vaccine Mandate In Place Without Evidence

Veterans Affairs Kept COVID-19 Vaccine Mandate In Place Without Evidence

Authored by Zachary Stieber via The Epoch Times (emphasis ours),

The…

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Veterans Affairs Kept COVID-19 Vaccine Mandate In Place Without Evidence

Authored by Zachary Stieber via The Epoch Times (emphasis ours),

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) reviewed no data when deciding in 2023 to keep its COVID-19 vaccine mandate in place.

Doses of a COVID-19 vaccine in Washington in a file image. (Jacquelyn Martin/Pool/AFP via Getty Images)

VA Secretary Denis McDonough said on May 1, 2023, that the end of many other federal mandates “will not impact current policies at the Department of Veterans Affairs.”

He said the mandate was remaining for VA health care personnel “to ensure the safety of veterans and our colleagues.”

Mr. McDonough did not cite any studies or other data. A VA spokesperson declined to provide any data that was reviewed when deciding not to rescind the mandate. The Epoch Times submitted a Freedom of Information Act for “all documents outlining which data was relied upon when establishing the mandate when deciding to keep the mandate in place.”

The agency searched for such data and did not find any.

The VA does not even attempt to justify its policies with science, because it can’t,” Leslie Manookian, president and founder of the Health Freedom Defense Fund, told The Epoch Times.

“The VA just trusts that the process and cost of challenging its unfounded policies is so onerous, most people are dissuaded from even trying,” she added.

The VA’s mandate remains in place to this day.

The VA’s website claims that vaccines “help protect you from getting severe illness” and “offer good protection against most COVID-19 variants,” pointing in part to observational data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that estimate the vaccines provide poor protection against symptomatic infection and transient shielding against hospitalization.

There have also been increasing concerns among outside scientists about confirmed side effects like heart inflammation—the VA hid a safety signal it detected for the inflammation—and possible side effects such as tinnitus, which shift the benefit-risk calculus.

President Joe Biden imposed a slate of COVID-19 vaccine mandates in 2021. The VA was the first federal agency to implement a mandate.

President Biden rescinded the mandates in May 2023, citing a drop in COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations. His administration maintains the choice to require vaccines was the right one and saved lives.

“Our administration’s vaccination requirements helped ensure the safety of workers in critical workforces including those in the healthcare and education sectors, protecting themselves and the populations they serve, and strengthening their ability to provide services without disruptions to operations,” the White House said.

Some experts said requiring vaccination meant many younger people were forced to get a vaccine despite the risks potentially outweighing the benefits, leaving fewer doses for older adults.

By mandating the vaccines to younger people and those with natural immunity from having had COVID, older people in the U.S. and other countries did not have access to them, and many people might have died because of that,” Martin Kulldorff, a professor of medicine on leave from Harvard Medical School, told The Epoch Times previously.

The VA was one of just a handful of agencies to keep its mandate in place following the removal of many federal mandates.

“At this time, the vaccine requirement will remain in effect for VA health care personnel, including VA psychologists, pharmacists, social workers, nursing assistants, physical therapists, respiratory therapists, peer specialists, medical support assistants, engineers, housekeepers, and other clinical, administrative, and infrastructure support employees,” Mr. McDonough wrote to VA employees at the time.

This also includes VA volunteers and contractors. Effectively, this means that any Veterans Health Administration (VHA) employee, volunteer, or contractor who works in VHA facilities, visits VHA facilities, or provides direct care to those we serve will still be subject to the vaccine requirement at this time,” he said. “We continue to monitor and discuss this requirement, and we will provide more information about the vaccination requirements for VA health care employees soon. As always, we will process requests for vaccination exceptions in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and policies.”

The version of the shots cleared in the fall of 2022, and available through the fall of 2023, did not have any clinical trial data supporting them.

A new version was approved in the fall of 2023 because there were indications that the shots not only offered temporary protection but also that the level of protection was lower than what was observed during earlier stages of the pandemic.

Ms. Manookian, whose group has challenged several of the federal mandates, said that the mandate “illustrates the dangers of the administrative state and how these federal agencies have become a law unto themselves.”

Tyler Durden Sat, 03/09/2024 - 22:10

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The Coming Of The Police State In America

The Coming Of The Police State In America

Authored by Jeffrey Tucker via The Epoch Times,

The National Guard and the State Police are now…

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The Coming Of The Police State In America

Authored by Jeffrey Tucker via The Epoch Times,

The National Guard and the State Police are now patrolling the New York City subway system in an attempt to do something about the explosion of crime. As part of this, there are bag checks and new surveillance of all passengers. No legislation, no debate, just an edict from the mayor.

Many citizens who rely on this system for transportation might welcome this. It’s a city of strict gun control, and no one knows for sure if they have the right to defend themselves. Merchants have been harassed and even arrested for trying to stop looting and pillaging in their own shops.

The message has been sent: Only the police can do this job. Whether they do it or not is another matter.

Things on the subway system have gotten crazy. If you know it well, you can manage to travel safely, but visitors to the city who take the wrong train at the wrong time are taking grave risks.

In actual fact, it’s guaranteed that this will only end in confiscating knives and other things that people carry in order to protect themselves while leaving the actual criminals even more free to prey on citizens.

The law-abiding will suffer and the criminals will grow more numerous. It will not end well.

When you step back from the details, what we have is the dawning of a genuine police state in the United States. It only starts in New York City. Where is the Guard going to be deployed next? Anywhere is possible.

If the crime is bad enough, citizens will welcome it. It must have been this way in most times and places that when the police state arrives, the people cheer.

We will all have our own stories of how this came to be. Some might begin with the passage of the Patriot Act and the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security in 2001. Some will focus on gun control and the taking away of citizens’ rights to defend themselves.

My own version of events is closer in time. It began four years ago this month with lockdowns. That’s what shattered the capacity of civil society to function in the United States. Everything that has happened since follows like one domino tumbling after another.

It goes like this:

1) lockdown,

2) loss of moral compass and spreading of loneliness and nihilism,

3) rioting resulting from citizen frustration, 4) police absent because of ideological hectoring,

5) a rise in uncontrolled immigration/refugees,

6) an epidemic of ill health from substance abuse and otherwise,

7) businesses flee the city

8) cities fall into decay, and that results in

9) more surveillance and police state.

The 10th stage is the sacking of liberty and civilization itself.

It doesn’t fall out this way at every point in history, but this seems like a solid outline of what happened in this case. Four years is a very short period of time to see all of this unfold. But it is a fact that New York City was more-or-less civilized only four years ago. No one could have predicted that it would come to this so quickly.

But once the lockdowns happened, all bets were off. Here we had a policy that most directly trampled on all freedoms that we had taken for granted. Schools, businesses, and churches were slammed shut, with various levels of enforcement. The entire workforce was divided between essential and nonessential, and there was widespread confusion about who precisely was in charge of designating and enforcing this.

It felt like martial law at the time, as if all normal civilian law had been displaced by something else. That something had to do with public health, but there was clearly more going on, because suddenly our social media posts were censored and we were being asked to do things that made no sense, such as mask up for a virus that evaded mask protection and walk in only one direction in grocery aisles.

Vast amounts of the white-collar workforce stayed home—and their kids, too—until it became too much to bear. The city became a ghost town. Most U.S. cities were the same.

As the months of disaster rolled on, the captives were let out of their houses for the summer in order to protest racism but no other reason. As a way of excusing this, the same public health authorities said that racism was a virus as bad as COVID-19, so therefore it was permitted.

The protests had turned to riots in many cities, and the police were being defunded and discouraged to do anything about the problem. Citizens watched in horror as downtowns burned and drug-crazed freaks took over whole sections of cities. It was like every standard of decency had been zapped out of an entire swath of the population.

Meanwhile, large checks were arriving in people’s bank accounts, defying every normal economic expectation. How could people not be working and get their bank accounts more flush with cash than ever? There was a new law that didn’t even require that people pay rent. How weird was that? Even student loans didn’t need to be paid.

By the fall, recess from lockdown was over and everyone was told to go home again. But this time they had a job to do: They were supposed to vote. Not at the polling places, because going there would only spread germs, or so the media said. When the voting results finally came in, it was the absentee ballots that swung the election in favor of the opposition party that actually wanted more lockdowns and eventually pushed vaccine mandates on the whole population.

The new party in control took note of the large population movements out of cities and states that they controlled. This would have a large effect on voting patterns in the future. But they had a plan. They would open the borders to millions of people in the guise of caring for refugees. These new warm bodies would become voters in time and certainly count on the census when it came time to reapportion political power.

Meanwhile, the native population had begun to swim in ill health from substance abuse, widespread depression, and demoralization, plus vaccine injury. This increased dependency on the very institutions that had caused the problem in the first place: the medical/scientific establishment.

The rise of crime drove the small businesses out of the city. They had barely survived the lockdowns, but they certainly could not survive the crime epidemic. This undermined the tax base of the city and allowed the criminals to take further control.

The same cities became sanctuaries for the waves of migrants sacking the country, and partisan mayors actually used tax dollars to house these invaders in high-end hotels in the name of having compassion for the stranger. Citizens were pushed out to make way for rampaging migrant hordes, as incredible as this seems.

But with that, of course, crime rose ever further, inciting citizen anger and providing a pretext to bring in the police state in the form of the National Guard, now tasked with cracking down on crime in the transportation system.

What’s the next step? It’s probably already here: mass surveillance and censorship, plus ever-expanding police power. This will be accompanied by further population movements, as those with the means to do so flee the city and even the country and leave it for everyone else to suffer.

As I tell the story, all of this seems inevitable. It is not. It could have been stopped at any point. A wise and prudent political leadership could have admitted the error from the beginning and called on the country to rediscover freedom, decency, and the difference between right and wrong. But ego and pride stopped that from happening, and we are left with the consequences.

The government grows ever bigger and civil society ever less capable of managing itself in large urban centers. Disaster is unfolding in real time, mitigated only by a rising stock market and a financial system that has yet to fall apart completely.

Are we at the middle stages of total collapse, or at the point where the population and people in leadership positions wise up and decide to put an end to the downward slide? It’s hard to know. But this much we do know: There is a growing pocket of resistance out there that is fed up and refuses to sit by and watch this great country be sacked and taken over by everything it was set up to prevent.

Tyler Durden Sat, 03/09/2024 - 16:20

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